Parshat Kedoshim

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The holiness code: love your neighbor, respect parents, keep Shabbat, honest dealings, and ethical commandments. Leviticus 19:1-20:27.

Kingdom of King Ptolemy

Other Texts The Wars of God 4:8

Tales abound of subtle changes, deliberate alterations made for reasons far deeper than simple translation. One such story, laden with intrigue and divine intervention, revolves ar...

CreationMosesEstherTorah

The Deeper Meaning of Covering Up After Eden

Philo The Midrash of Philo 7:9

Turns out, there's more to it than just a quick wardrobe fix. Our sages saw layers of meaning woven into that very first act of covering up. In The Midrash of Philo, we find a fasc...

CreationMosesAdam & EveDivine justice

What Really Drove Cain to Murder Abel in the Field

Philo The Midrash of Philo 8:1

We get a glimpse into the story of the very first murder in the Torah, but the text leaves so much unsaid. What drove Cain to such a horrific act? Was it simply jealousy over God f...

CreationJealousyDivine justiceViolence

How All Creation Cries Out When Injustice Occurs

Philo The Midrash of Philo 11:2

Much older. The Midrash of Philo, a collection of interpretations and expansions on the Hebrew Bible attributed to the Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria, explores just that id...

HeavenDivine justiceCreationAdam & Eve

Why Cain Was Marked Instead of Killed

Philo The Midrash of Philo 15:8

We all know the story: Cain's offering wasn't accepted, Abel's was, jealousy flared, and tragedy struck. But what about the consequences? Why a mark of protection, instead of swift...

CreationHell/GehennaJosephJob

Philo Says Flesh Means Devotion to Self-Love

Philo The Midrash of Philo 12:2

Philo, in his exploration of the Torah, grapples with this very idea. He's looking at the verse in Genesis (6:12) that describes the corruption of the world before the flood: "all ...

Noah & FloodPrayerExile

The Nagging Injustice Behind the Great Flood

Philo The Midrash of Philo 13:1

That feeling, that nagging sense of injustice, it's not new. Not by a long shot. In fact, it’s a question that echoes all the way back to the very beginning, to the story of Noah a...

CreationDivine justiceNoah & FloodSin

Covenant of Noah

Philo The Midrash of Philo 18:1

We're talking about Noah, of course. The righteous man in a world gone completely bonkers. And just before the floodgates open, God says something really interesting: "I will set u...

CreationNoah & FloodCovenantAdam & Eve

Philo on Why Noah Chose a Raven and a Dove

Philo The Midrash of Philo 7:2

A dove, sure, feels right. But a raven? What's that all about?Philo wasn't just interested in the surface-level story; he was all about digging deeper, finding the hidden meanings ...

CreationMysticismSoulMiracles

Why Noah Sent the Dove a Second Time After Seven Days

Philo The Midrash of Philo 10:1

The Torah tells us (Genesis 8:10) that Noah waited seven more days and then released the dove again. But why? The Midrash of Philo tackles this head-on, asking a simple but profoun...

CreationHolidaysAdam & EveAnimals

The Dove's Olive Branch and Its Hidden Meaning

Philo The Midrash of Philo 11:1

But sometimes, it's those little details that hold the biggest secrets. That single olive branch. (Genesis 8:11) tells us, "The dove returned to him in the evening, and there in it...

CreationAdam & EveWisdomDivine justice

The Dove Sent Twice from the Ark and Its Meaning

Philo The Midrash of Philo 11:2

The story of Noah's Ark, far beyond just a children's tale, offers a rich tapestry of symbolism, particularly in the return of the dove. But what do these signs really mean? The Mi...

CreationNoah & FloodSoulRepentance

Philo Saw the Dove That Never Returned as Virtue Itself

Philo The Midrash of Philo 12:2

You remember the story: the floodwaters are receding, and Noah sends out a dove to see if there's dry land. The first time, she returns with nothing. The second time, with an olive...

CreationWisdomAnimalsRighteousness

God's New Covenant With Noah After the Flood

Philo The Midrash of Philo 3:1

Take the moment after the Flood, when the world is starting over. God gives Noah and his family a new covenant, a new set of rules. And smack dab in the middle of it, we find this:...

CreationNoah & FloodAdam & EveFlood

Abraham in Battle and the Covenant

Philo The Midrash of Philo 10:1

Sometimes, those tiny details hold the biggest secrets. Take (Genesis 15:10), for example. It’s a verse about Abraham, and God's covenant with him. Seems straightforward. "And he t...

CreationAbrahamCovenantWar

A Soul Filled with Love Attributes All Good to God

Philo The Midrash of Philo 10:6

The Midrash of Philo, a collection of interpretations and elaborations on the Torah, offers a profound perspective. It highlights the expression, "And he took unto him," suggesting...

CreationJosephSoulMiracles

Abraham Drove Off the Birds From the Covenant Sacrifice

Philo The Midrash of Philo 11:1

What does it even mean? The verse appears in the context of the brit bein ha-betarim, the “covenant between the pieces.” God makes a covenant with Abraham, promising him descendant...

CreationSacrificeCovenant

Philo on How a Wise Person Embodies Creation's Virtues

Philo The Midrash of Philo 1:2

He offered some truly unique insights. Philo, in his allegorical style, sees deep meaning behind seemingly simple words and numbers. In this particular passage, he examines the sig...

TorahTempleSoulWisdom

Midrash Tanchuma, Bereshit 1

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Bereshit 1

With1The prefix bet in the first word of the Torah can be translated as “with,” “in,”, “by means of,” etc. the beginning (Gen. 1:1). This is what Scripture means when it says: The ...

CreationTorahWisdomWomen of the Bible

Midrash Tanchuma, Noach 19

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Noach 19

Come, let us go down there and confound their language (Gen. 11:7). He confounded their speech to such a degree that no one was able to understand his companion’s speech. Originall...

TorahYetzer Hara (Evil Inclination)HumorWit

Midrash Tanchuma, Lech Lecha 6

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Lech Lecha 6

And it came to pass in the days of Amraphel (Gen. 14:1). May it please our master to teach us when a proselyte who has been converted on the eve of the Passover is permitted to par...

TorahConversionKingsLove

Midrash Tanchuma, Vayera 10

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Vayera 10

And the two angels came to Sodom (Gen. 19:1). Scripture states elsewhere in allusion to this verse: But they rebelled and grieved his Holy Spirit; therefore, He was turned to be th...

TorahHeavenAngelsRepentance

Midrash Tanchuma, Miketz 4

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Miketz 4

42:1). May it please our master to teach us the number of days during which a mourner is forbidden to work. Thus did our master teach us: A mourner is forbidden to work during the ...

TorahPatriarchsJacobAdam & Eve

Midrash Tanchuma, Vayechi 2

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Vayechi 2

And the time drew near that Israel must die (Gen. 47:29). Scripture states elsewhere in allusion to this verse: There is no man that hath power over the spirit to retain the spirit...

TorahDeathMosesAdam & Eve

Midrash Tanchuma, Shemot 2

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Shemot 2

Another comment on These are the names (Exod. 1:1). Scripture states: As is Thy name, O God, so is Thy praise, unto the end of the earth (Ps. 48:11). Men praise a human king as str...

TorahAdam & EveTribesDemons

Midrash Tanchuma, Shemot 7

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Shemot 7

3:1). Scripture states elsewhere: Every word of God is tried; He is a shield unto them that take refuge in Him (Prov. 30:5). The Holy One, blessed be He, does not confer greatness ...

TorahHumorMosesIdolatry

Midrash Tanchuma, Beshalach 20

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Beshalach 20

Then the Lord said unto Moses: “Behold, I will cause to rain bread from heaven for you; and the people shall go out and gather a day’s portion every day, that I may prove them whet...

MosesHeavenAdam & EveTorah

Midrash Tanchuma, Yitro 3

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Yitro 3

18:1). Scripture says elsewhere in allusion to this verse: Thine ointments have a goodly fragrance; thy name is an ointment poured forth; therefore do the maidens love thee (Song 1...

TorahHumorCommandmentsAdam & Eve

Midrash Tanchuma, Yitro 4

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Yitro 4

18:1). Jethro was known by seven names. He was called Jethro (yitro) because he added (yater) a chapter to the law, that is, the chapter dealing with judges. He was called Hobab (h...

TorahTribesMosesHumor

Midrash Tanchuma, Yitro 5

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Yitro 5

18:1). Scripture says elsewhere: Thine own friend and thy father’s friend forsake not; neither go into thy brother’s house in the day of thy calamity; better is a neighbor that is ...

TorahWomen of the BiblePatriarchsJacob

Midrash Tanchuma, Yitro 7

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Yitro 7

And Jethro rejoiced (Exod. 18:9). Do not read this word as vayihad (“and he rejoiced”) but rather vayihed (“and he became a yehudi [a Jew]”). Why did Jethro say: Blessed be the Lor...

TorahAdam & EveMosesSolomon

Midrash Tanchuma, Yitro 9

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Yitro 9

In the third month (Exod. 19:1). Scripture says elsewhere in reference to this verse: He layeth up sound wisdom for the upright, He is a shield to them that walk in integrity (Prov...

TorahExodusWisdomCharity

Midrash Tanchuma, Yitro 10

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Yitro 10

In the third month (Exod. 19:1). Scripture says elsewhere in allusion to this verse: Have I not written unto thee excellent things (shilshom) of counsels and knowledge (Prov. 22:20...

TorahWomen of the BibleTribesMoses

Midrash Tanchuma, Yitro 14

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Yitro 14

And God spoke (Exod. 20:1). May it please our master to teach us: What things have their reward in the world-to-come? Thus do our masters teach us: These are the things whose inter...

TorahNationsHeresy

Midrash Tanchuma, Yitro 17

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Yitro 17

Neither shalt thou go up by steps unto mine altar, that thy nakedness be not uncovered thereon (Exod. 20:23). A logical conclusion may be derived from these words. If in regard to ...

TorahYetzer Hara (Evil Inclination)TempleSacrifice

Midrash Tanchuma, Mishpatim 9

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Mishpatim 9

If thou lend money to any of my people (Exod. 22:24). Scripture states elsewhere in reference to this verse: He that putteth not out his money on interest (Ps. 15:5). Come and obse...

TorahTzedakah (Charity)Adam & EveWealth

Midrash Tanchuma, Mishpatim 16

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Mishpatim 16

If thou at all take thy neighbor’s garment to pledge (Exod. 22:25). The Holy One, blessed be He, declared: How guilty are your sins before Me, yet I have been patient with you. And...

TorahSoulDivine justiceHoly Land

Midrash Tanchuma, Mishpatim 17

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Mishpatim 17

Behold, I send an angel before thee, to keep thee (Exod. 23:20). Scripture says elsewhere in reference to this verse: But I said: “How would I put thee among the sons, and give the...

TorahHumorNationsAngels

Midrash Tanchuma, Tetzaveh 5

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Tetzaveh 5

And thou shalt command (Exod. 27:20). Scripture states elsewhere in reference to this verse: Behold, thou art fair, my love; behold, thou art fair (Song 1:15). R. Akiba said: The e...

TorahMusic & SongLoveCommandments

Midrash Tanchuma, Tetzaveh 12

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Tetzaveh 12

And this is the thing that thou shalt do unto them (Exod. 29:1). Scripture says elsewhere in allusion to this verse: Forever, O Lord, Thy word standeth fast in heaven (Ps. 119:89)....

TorahAngelsLawAdam & Eve

Midrash Tanchuma, Ki Tisa 8

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Ki Tisa 8

When thou takest the sum of the children of Israel (Exod. 30:12). R. Judah said in the name of R. Samuel the son of Nahman: This may be compared to a king who has many silk garment...

TorahKingsAdam & EveTribes

Midrash Tanchuma, Ki Tisa 18

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Ki Tisa 18

And he gave unto Moses, etc. (Exod. 31:18). Scripture states elsewhere in allusion to this verse: Thy lips, O my bride, drop honey (Song 4:11). R. Abba the son of Judah said: The c...

MosesMusic & SongTorahDivine justice

Midrash Tanchuma, Ki Tisa 28

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Ki Tisa 28

The Lord said to Moses: “Hew these two tablets of stone” (Exod. 34:1). May it please our masters to teach us: How many verses of the Torah must the reader recite? Thus did our mast...

MosesTorahKingsHumor

Midrash Tanchuma, Vayakhel 8

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Vayakhel 8

And Bezalel made the ark of acacia-wood (Exod. 37:1). Because it was known to Him-who-spoke-and-the-world-came into-being that Israel will sin at Shittim, the Holy One, blessed be ...

Noah & FloodKingsHumorTorah

Midrash Tanchuma, Pekudei 3

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Pekudei 3

For example, Bezalel, who built the ark, was extolled before the Holy One, blessed be He, and the angels. He was praised in the upper regions and in the terrestrial regions, as it ...

TorahHumorAdam & EveAngels

Midrash Tanchuma, Tzav 3

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Tzav 3

(Lev. 7:11:) “This is the law of the sacrifice for peace offerings.” This text is related (to Prov. 3:17), “The ways [of wisdom] are ways of pleasantness, and all her paths are pea...

TorahSacrificeSinBlessing

Midrash Tanchuma, Tzav 6

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Tzav 6

(Lev. 7:12:) “If he offers it for a thanksgiving, and he shall sacrifice.” See how the Holy One, blessed be He, forgives the sins of Israel. See what did they offer to the Holy One...

TorahAdam & EveCharityHumor

Midrash Tanchuma, Emor 13

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Emor 13

(Lev. 22:28:) “In the case of an animal from the herd or the flock, [you shall not slaughter] it and its offspring on the same day.”66Although the nouns here are masculine singular...

TorahHumorCommandmentsWar