Counting Israel by Tribal Initials and the Half-Shekel Ransom

Yalkut Shimoni on Torah 386:5

"When you take up the sum of the children of Israel" (Exodus 30:12-16). This is what Scripture says: "your belly is a heap of wheat" (Song of Songs 7:3). Why are Israel compared to wheat? Rabbi Resh Lakish said: just as wheat is all gathered in by measure, so Israel are all gathered in by the count of the elders, the pious, and the wise. Rabbi Yitzchak said: a man does not command his household over baskets of dung, nor of chaff, nor of straw; over what does he command his household? Over baskets of wheat. As for the dung, what does he do with it? He dissolves it in water; and so the generation of the Flood, what is written of it? "And the LORD said, I will blot out," and so forth (Genesis 6:7). As for baskets of chaff, he scatters them to the wind; and so the generation of the Dispersion, "and the LORD scattered them" (Genesis 11:8). And so with bundles of straw — what does he do? He puts them in the oven; and so He did to Egypt, "it consumes them like straw" (Exodus 15:7). But what does he count? Baskets of wheat: "when you take up the sum of the children of Israel." What is written just before this matter? "And Aaron shall make atonement upon its horns" (Exodus 30:10). Once Israel sinned, the Holy One, blessed be He, said to Moses: go and atone for them. He said before Him: Master of the universe, did You not say "once in the year"? The Holy One, blessed be He, said to him: go, set them upright now. "When you take up the sum of the children of Israel." Rabbi Yehoshua the Priest son of Nachman said: the Holy One, blessed be He, said to Moses: go, count Israel. Moses said before the Holy One, blessed be He: it is written "your seed shall be like the dust of the earth," and it is written "the number of the children of Israel shall be like the sand of the sea" (Hosea 2:1), and You say go count Israel — I cannot arrive at their number. The Holy One, blessed be He, said to him: Moses, it is not as you think; rather, if you wish to arrive at the number of Israel, take the initial letters of the tribes and you will arrive at their number. Resh from Reuben, Shin from Simeon, Lamed from Levi, and so for each and every tribe. A parable: to what is this like? To a money-changer who had a lad; he said to him, count me these coins. He said, how can I count them? He said, count the heads of the rows of coins and you will arrive at the reckoning. So the Holy One, blessed be He, said to Moses: Resh from Reuben, two hundred thousand; Nun from Naphtali, fifty thousand; Shin from Simeon, three hundred thousand; Yod from Judah, Yod from Issachar, Yod from Joseph, thirty thousand; Zayin of Zebulun, seven thousand; Dalet of Dan, four thousand; Gimel of Gad, three thousand; Bet of Benjamin, two thousand; Alef of Asher, one thousand — thus five hundred ninety-seven thousand. Where are the three thousand? These are the ones who fell over the calf, as it says "and the sons of Levi did according to the word of Moses... and there fell of the people about three thousand men" (Exodus 32:28). Therefore the Holy One, blessed be He, said to Moses: count Israel to know how many were lost. "And they shall give every man a ransom for his soul." When Moses heard this, he was afraid. He said: "skin for skin, and all that a man has he will give for his soul" (Job 2:4). Rabbi Yehudah son of Rabbi Ilai says: Moses said, we have found that a man's soul-redemption is a talent of silver, as it says "then your life shall be for his life, or you shall weigh out a talent of silver." Rabbi Yose says: you learn it from one who spreads an evil name, as it says "and they shall fine him a hundred pieces of silver" (Deuteronomy 22:19); and we spread an evil name and said "these are your gods, O Israel," so each one of us must give a hundred pieces of silver. Resh Lakish said: learn it from the seducer, for it is written "and the man who lay with her shall give," and so forth; and we forced the commandment that is written "you shall have no other gods" and made idolatry, so each one of us must give fifty pieces of silver. Rabbi Yehudah son of Rabbi Simon said: learn it from the goring ox, as it says "if the ox gores a manservant," and we exchanged His glory for an ox, as it says "and they exchanged their glory for the likeness of an ox" (Psalms 106:20), so each one of us must give thirty shekels. The Holy One, blessed be He, knew what was in Moses' heart. He said to him: by your life, neither a talent of silver, nor a hundred pieces, nor fifty shekels, nor thirty shekels, but this they shall give. Rabbi Meir said: the Holy One, blessed be He, took a coin of fire from beneath the throne of glory and showed it to Moses and said to him, this they shall give. Moses said, who can give it? The Holy One, blessed be He, said to him, everyone who passes through the sea. "Half a shekel." Rabbi Yehudah and Rabbi Nechemyah: Rabbi Yehudah says, because they sinned at the sixth hour of the day they shall give half a shekel, which makes six small coins. Rabbi Yehudah bar Nachmani said in the name of Rabban Yochanan ben Zakkai, because Israel transgressed the Ten Commandments they shall give ten gerah, which is half a shekel. Rabbi Berekhyah in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish said: the Holy One, blessed be He, said, you sold the firstborn of Rachel for twenty pieces of silver, therefore every firstborn of yours, his redemption shall be five shekels of silver, as it says "and you shall take five shekels each," and so forth (Numbers 3:47).

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