"The carcass of a wild beast" - what does "unclean" teach? That one might think I have liability only for the whole carcass; from where do I include an olive's bulk of it? Scripture says "unclean." "The carcass of a domestic animal" - what does "unclean" teach? That one might think I have only the carcass itself; from where its horn, its hair, and what is joined to it? Scripture says "unclean." "The carcass of a creeping thing" - what does "unclean" teach? That one might think I have only its flesh; from where its blood, its hide, what is joined to it, and what is mixed with it? Scripture says "unclean." Rabbi Eliezer says: "a creeping thing, and it is hidden from him" - for the forgetting of the creeping thing he is liable, but he is not liable for the forgetting of the sanctuary. Rabbi Akiva says: "and it is hidden from him, and he is unclean" - for the forgetting of the impurity he is liable, but not for the forgetting of the sanctuary. Rabbi Yishmael says: "and it is hidden from him" is said twice, to make one liable for the forgetting of the impurity and for the forgetting of the sanctuary. What is between them? Chizkiyah said: a creeping thing and a carcass are between them. Rabbi Eliezer holds we require that he know whether he was defiled by a creeping thing or by a carcass. Rabbi Akiva holds we do not require it: since he knows he was defiled, he needs no more. Ulla raised a contradiction between Rabbi Eliezer and himself: did Rabbi Eliezer say we require knowing whether he was defiled by a creeping thing or a carcass? Yet Rabbi Eliezer said: either way - if he ate forbidden fat he is liable, if leftover sacrifice he is liable, if he profaned the Sabbath he is liable, if Yom Kippur he is liable, if he lay with his menstruant wife he is liable, with his sister he is liable. Rabbi Yehoshua said to him: behold it says "his sin which he sinned" (Leviticus 4:23) - until you know wherein he sinned. The answer there: "which he sinned" the Merciful One said, meaning any sin at all; but here, since it is written "any unclean thing, or the carcass of an unclean creeping thing," why is it needed? Learn from it that we require he know whether he was defiled by a creeping thing or by a carcass. And Rabbi Akiva? Since the verse needed to write "domestic animal" and "wild beast" for Rabbi's teaching, it also wrote "creeping thing," as the school of Rabbi Yishmael taught: any passage that was stated and then repeated was repeated only for some new matter introduced in it. And Rabbi Eliezer - what does he do with this "in it"? It excludes one who acts without intent. Rabbi Yochanan said: there is a difference between them in the implications they draw. Rav Sheshet reverses Rabbi Eliezer for Rabbi Akiva and Rabbi Akiva for Rabbi Eliezer.
The Smallest Measure of Defilement and the Forgotten Source
Yalkut Shimoni on Torah 471:6
בְּנִבְלַת (בְּהֵמָה) חַיָּה, מַה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר "טְמֵאָה", שֶׁיָּכוֹל אֵין לִי אֶלָּא בְּכֻלָּהּ, כַּזַּיִת הֵימֶנָּה מִנַּיִן, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר "טְמֵאָה". בְּנִבְלַת בְּהֵמָה מַה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר "טְמֵאָה" שֶׁיָּכוֹל אֵין לִי אֶלָּא נְבֵלָה עַצְמָהּ, קַרְנָהּ שְׂעָרָהּ וְחִבּוּרָהּ מִנַּיִן תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר "טְמֵאָה". בְּנִבְלַת שֶׁרֶץ מַה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר "טָמֵא", שֶׁיָּכוֹל אֵין לִי אֶלָּא בְּשָׂרוֹ, דָּמוֹ עוֹרוֹ חִבּוּרוֹ וְעֵרוּבוֹ מִנַּיִן, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר "טָמֵא". רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר "שֶׁרֶץ וְנֶעְלַם מִמֶּנּוּ" עַל הֶעְלֵם שֶׁרֶץ הוּא חַיָּב וְאֵינוֹ חַיָּב עַל הֶעְלֵם מִקְדָּשׁ. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר וְנֶעְלַם מִמֶּנּוּ וְהוּא טָמֵא עַל הֶעְלֵם טֻמְאָה הוּא חַיָּב וְאֵינוֹ חַיָּב עַל הֶעְלֵם מִקְדָּשׁ. רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל אוֹמֵר, וְנֶעְלָם מִמֶּנּוּ שְׁתֵּי פְּעָמִים לְחַיֵּב עַל הֶעְלֵם טֻמְאָה וְעַל הֶעְלֵם מִקְדָּשׁ. מַאי בֵּינַיְהוּ, חִזְקִיָּה אָמַר שֶׁרֶץ וּנְבֵלָה אִיכָּא בֵּינַיְהוּ, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר סָבַר בָּעִינָן עַד דְּיָדַע אִי בְּשֶׁרֶץ אִיטְמֵי, אִי בִּנְבֵלָה אִיטְמֵי. וְרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא סָבַר לָא בָּעִינָן עַד דְּיָדַע אִי בְּשֶׁרֶץ אִיטְמֵי אִי בִּנְבֵלָה אִיטְמֵי, דְּכֵיוָן דְּיָדַע דְּאִיטְמֵי תּוּ לָא צָרִיךְ. עוּלָא רָמֵי דְּרַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אַדְּרַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר, מִי אָמַר רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בָּעִינָן דְּיָדַע אִי בְּשֶׁרֶץ אִיטְמֵי אִי בִּנְבֵלָה אִיטְמֵי, וְרָמִינְהוּ רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, מַה נַּפְשָׁךְ, חֵלֶב אָכַל חַיָּב, נוֹתָר אָכַל חַיָּב, שַׁבָּת חִלֵּל חַיָּב, יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים חִלֵּל חַיָּב, אִשְׁתּוֹ נִדָּה בָּעַל חַיָּב, אֲחוֹתוֹ בָּעַל חַיָּב. אָמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ הֲרֵי הוּא אוֹמֵר (ויקרא ד, כג) ["אוֹ הוֹדַע אֵלָיו חַטָּאתוֹ] אֲשֶׁר חָטָא בָּהּ", עַד שֶׁיִּוָּדַע לְךָ בַּמֶּה חָטָא, וּמְשָׁנִי הָתָם "אֲשֶׁר חָטָא בָּהּ" אָמַר רַחֲמָנָא, חָטָא כָּל דְּהוּ, הָכָא מִכְדֵי כְּתִיב בְּכָל דָבָר טָמֵא, אוֹ בְּנִבְלַת שֶׁרֶץ טָמֵא, לָמָּה לִי, שְׁמַע מִינַהּ בָּעִינָן עַד דְּיָדַע אִי בְּשֶׁרֶץ אִיטְמֵי אִי בִּנְבֵלָה אִיטְמֵי. וְרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא, אַיְדֵי דְּבָעֵי לְמִכְתַּב בְּהֵמָה וְחַיָּה לְכִדְרַבִּי, כְּתַב נַמִּי שֶׁרֶץ, כִּדְתָנָא דְבֵי רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל כָּל פָּרָשָׁה שֶׁנֶּאֶמְרָה וְנִשְׁנֵית לֹא נִשְׁנֵית אֶלָּא בִּשְׁבִיל דָּבָר שֶׁנִּתְחַדֵּשׁ בָּהּ. וְרַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר הַאי "בָּהּ" מַאי עָבִיד לֵיהּ, פְּרָט לְמִתְעַסֵּק. וְרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר, מַשְׁמָעוּת דּוֹרְשִׁין אִיכָּא בֵּינַיְהוּ. רַב שֵׁשֶׁת מַחְלִיף דְּרַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר לְרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא וּדְרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא לְרַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר.