Parshat Shoftim7 min read

How Balaam Seized a Throne With Snakes and Sorcery

Kikanos came home from a war he had won and found his own gates shut. It took nine years, a king's death, and a flock of starving birds to open them.

Curated by Arthur · Told by Maggid ·
Table of Contents
  1. The Man Left in Charge of the City
  2. Three Days Against His Own Walls
  3. Nine Years in the Field
  4. A King Crowned on a Heap of Clothes
  5. The Storks
How Balaam Seized a Throne With Snakes and Sorcery Click for full size

The Man Left in Charge of the City

Kikanos, king of Cush, marched east with an army the old books count like sand. Aram and the children of the East had stopped paying him, and he intended to make them start again.

He left the capital to Balaam son of Beor, along with Balaam's two sons, Jannes and Jambres, and the poorest people of the city, who were not worth taking to a war. Then he rode out and won it. He beat Aram, took captives, camped on their land until the tribute was counted, and turned for home.

Balaam had not spent those months guarding anything. He had spent them talking. He went among the people who had been left behind and made a case, and the people swore to him and set him on Kikanos's throne and made his two sons captains of the army.

Then he prepared for the king's return. On two corners of the city he raised the walls and built them up higher than any siege ladder. On the third corner he had ditches dug past counting and broke the river into them, so that the ground on that side became water. On the fourth corner he worked his sorcery and called snakes up out of the ground, and they came, and they stayed. After that nobody walked in or out of the capital of Cush. Balaam had seized a kingdom with a speech and meant to hold it with water and snakes.

Three Days Against His Own Walls

Kikanos and his captains came up the road and lifted their eyes and stopped. The walls were taller than the walls they had left. The men worked it out among themselves the way men do: the war kept us away a long time, the city got frightened, they built it up so the kings of Canaan could not come at them. It was a good explanation and it lasted until they reached the gate.

The gate was shut. They shouted up to the sentries to open it. The sentries had their orders from Balaam and did not answer.

They fought at the gate that day and lost a hundred and thirty men. The next day they went at the water side, and the riders who tried to swim their horses across sank in the pits and drowned. Kikanos ordered trees cut and rafts built, and when the rafts came into the ditches the water turned in circles like a millwheel and pulled two hundred men off ten rafts. On the third day they attacked the corner where the serpents were, and the snakes killed a hundred and seventy of them before anyone touched the wall.

Kikanos stopped attacking. He set his army in a ring around the city he had ruled his whole life, and no one went in or out for nine years.

Nine Years in the Field

In the first year of that siege a young man came into the camp from the west. He had killed an Egyptian overseer and run, and he was eighteen years old. His name was Moses.

He stayed nine years. The soldiers came to like him, then to depend on him. His height was like a lion's and his face was like the sun, and the king took him on as a counselor. He went out and came in with them, year after year, looking at the same walls.

Then Kikanos took ill. It went through him fast and he was dead on the seventh day, outside his own gate, in sight of his own roof. His servants embalmed him and carried him north and buried him, and they built a strong high house over the grave with great stones set beneath it, and the king's scribes cut into those stones every battle he had ever won.

A King Crowned on a Heap of Clothes

The army sat down with the problem. Nine years in the wilderness away from their houses. Attack the city and be killed at the wall. Sit still and be killed by boredom and by whoever heard first that the king of Cush was dead. Aram would hear soon.

They decided they needed a king before the news traveled, and when they looked around the camp for one there was nobody they wanted except the Egyptian fugitive.

Every man pulled off his outer garment and threw it on the ground until the pile was high enough to stand on. They set Moses on top of it, blew the trumpets, and shouted, "May the king live." They swore to give him Adoniah, Kikanos's widow, as a wife. Then they made a proclamation that every man must give the new king something out of what he owned, and they spread a sheet across the heap of clothes, and it filled up with gold earrings and coins and onyx and pearls and silver, thrown in by soldiers who had been living in a field for nine years.

Moses was twenty-seven years old.

The Storks

On the seventh day of his reign the whole army came and asked him what to do about the city.

Go to the forest, he said. Every man is to come back with one young stork in his hand, and any man who comes back without one loses his life and everything he owns. Then keep the birds. Feed them until they are full grown, and teach them to fly the way a hawk flies.

They did it. When the storks were grown, Moses had them starved for three days.

On the third day the order came: armor, sword, horse, and one bird on the fist. They rode to the corner of the city where the snakes were. Then every man on the line threw his stork forward at the ground, and the birds went down into the moving carpet at the foot of the wall and ate.

When the snakes were gone the army went over the wall. They took the city and killed the people in it, and of the men who had been sitting outside those walls for nine years not one died that day.

Balaam watched the fighting come through the gate he had sealed. He had one more art left. He worked it, and he went up into the air, and he took Jannes and Jambres and his eight brothers with him, and the whole family flew out of Cush and came down safe in Egypt, where a Pharaoh was building something and would need sorcerers.


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From the tradition

Sources

6 sources

The texts behind this telling. Some cards carry a translation of the source; others are our own retelling of it, and each card says which. Every card links out to the original.

Legends of the Jews 4:98Legends of the Jews

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Legends of the Jews by Louis Ginzberg (1909) · Public Domain

He has no clue that destiny has something truly unexpected in store. At this precise moment, war erupts between Ethiopia and its former eastern territories. King Kikanos, leading his massive army, leaves behind a trio of figures to watch over his capital: Balaam – yes, that Balaam – and his two sons, Jannes and Jambres (names you might recognize from other parts of Jewish tradition!).

Big mistake, Kikanos.

The king's absence gives the notoriously opportunistic Balaam the perfect opening. He begins to sway the people, planting seeds of dissent and subtly undermining Kikanos' authority. And wouldn't you know it? He succeeds. He's crowned king, seizing power while Kikanos is off fighting! And his sons? They’re appointed generals, naturally.

Balaam isn’t content with just snatching the throne. He’s determined to keep it. To completely cut off Kikanos and his army, Balaam and his sons lay siege to the city. They want to ensure no one can enter or leave without their say-so. According to Legends of the Jews, they use a multi-pronged strategy worthy of a Bond villain.

On two sides of the city, they reinforce the walls, making them virtually impenetrable. On another side, they create a complex network of canals, diverting the river that surrounds Ethiopia and turning it into a watery maze. And finally, on the fourth side, they unleash… well, let's just say they use their "magic arts" to summon a horrifying swarm of snakes and scorpions. Imagine trying to get past that security detail! It's a full-on lockdown. No one in, no one out.

So, what does this all mean? It's a fascinating glimpse into the chaotic world of ancient legends, where political intrigue, warfare, and even a bit of sorcery intertwine. How often do seemingly small decisions – like leaving Balaam in charge – have enormous, unforeseen consequences? And what happens to Moses in all of this? Well, that, my friends, is a story for another time...

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Jasher 73Book of Jasher

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Book of Jasher, J. H. Parry edition (1887) · Public Domain

It's considered by many to be part of the Apocrypha, a collection of writings of uncertain origin, that elaborates on stories from the Bible and fills in gaps. And Chapter 73 is where things get really interesting.

The chapter opens by telling us that in the 55th year of Pharaoh's reign, which was the 157th year of the Israelites' sojourn in Egypt, Moses was reigning in Cush. He was 27 years old, and he reigned for 40 years! The people of Cush loved him. He was favored by both God and man.

Here's the thing: Cush was in the middle of a long, drawn-out siege of a city. Nine years, no end in sight. The people were desperate. So they came to their new king, Moses, and asked for his counsel. "Give us counsel that we may see what is to be done to this city!" they pleaded.

Moses, ever the strategist, comes up with a plan. But it's not what you'd expect. He tells them to gather young storks from the forest. Every man must bring one back, or face death! Then, they had to raise these storks, teaching them to hunt like hawks. After they were grown, they had to be starved for three days.

Okay, stay with me.

On the third day, Moses orders the men to arm themselves, grab their hungry storks, and ride to the place where the serpents are. And there – this is the key – they released the storks on the snakes. The storks, ravenous after three days of hunger, devoured the serpents.

With the serpent problem solved, the army of Cush stormed the city and took it, losing not a single man. Balaam the magician (yes, that Balaam) fled back to Egypt with his sons and brothers. According to the Book of Jasher, these are the same sorcerers who later opposed Moses during the plagues.

So, Moses wins the city through wisdom and is placed on the throne, replacing the previous king, Kikianus. They even give him Kikianus's widow, Adoniah, as a wife!

But here's where Moses's true character shines through. He feared God and remembered the oaths of his ancestors – Abraham and Isaac, as we are told in the text. They had sworn not to take wives from the Canaanites or make alliances with the children of Ham. The Book of Jasher even states that God gave Ham and his descendants as slaves to the children of Shem and Japheth. So, Moses refuses to consummate the marriage with Adoniah, remaining true to his faith.

Moses strengthens his kingdom, guides the people with wisdom, and prospers. When Aram and the children of the East hear of Kikianus's death, they rebel. Moses gathers an army and defeats them, bringing them under Cushite rule. He governs with righteousness, following in the footsteps of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. "Moses feared the Lord his God all his life, and Moses walked before the Lord in truth, with all his heart and soul."

What's fascinating about this story is how it portrays Moses as a leader before his encounter with the burning bush. It highlights his strategic mind, his piety, and his unwavering commitment to God's law. It’s a glimpse into a Moses we don't typically see in the traditional narrative.

The Book of Jasher, while not canonical, offers a compelling and thought-provoking perspective on biblical figures and events.

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Chronicles of Jerahmeel XLIVChronicles of Jerahmeel (Gaster, 1899)

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Chronicles of Jerahmeel, trans. Moses Gaster (1899) · Public Domain

When Amram separated from his wife after Pharaoh's decree to drown all Hebrew boys, it was his young daughter Miriam who brought them back together. The Spirit of God came upon the girl and she prophesied: "A son shall be born to my parents who will rescue Israel from the hands of the Egyptians." Amram returned to Jochebed, and six months later she gave birth. The entire house filled with a light as brilliant as the sun and moon combined.

Egyptian women devised a cruel trick to find hidden children. They brought their own babies into Hebrew homes, when the infants babbled, any hidden child would babble back, revealing its location. After three months, Jochebed placed Moses in a basket of bulrushes. God sent a scorching drought so severe that Pharaoh's daughter went down to the river to bathe, where she discovered the crying infant and adopted him.

Moses had seven names. His mother called him Yequtiel, "I placed my hope in God." His sister called him Yered, "I went down to the river after him." His grandfather Kehath named him Abigedor, "for his sake God closed the breach," and the Egyptians stopped drowning Hebrew children. At three years old, sitting in Pharaoh's lap, Moses reached up and placed the royal crown on his own head. Balaam the enchanter urged the king to kill him, but the angel Gabriel, disguised as a courtier, suggested a test: place glowing coals and precious stones before the child. Gabriel guided Moses' hand to the coal, which burned his lips and tongue, making him heavy of speech. But saving his life.

At eighteen, Moses killed an Egyptian who had assaulted a Hebrew man's wife. He fled, and the angel Michael carried him beyond Egypt's borders. According to the Chronicles of Jerahmeel, a 12th-century chronicle translated by Moses Gaster in 1899, Moses then joined the army of Qinqanos, King of Cush, and after nine years of siege, the people crowned Moses king. He devised an ingenious strategy: he had each soldier raise a young stork, starve it for two days, then release the birds against the serpents guarding the city walls. The storks devoured the snakes, the army poured through, and Moses reigned over Cush for forty years.

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Legends of the Jews, IV. Moses In Egypt, The King Of EthiopiaLegends of the Jews

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.Project Gutenberg eBook #1494, The Legends of the Jews, Volume 2 · Public Domain

Legends of the Jews (Ginzberg) turns to The King Of Ethiopia.

According to Ginzberg's Legends of the Jews, the Ethiopians, in desperate need of a leader, recognized something extraordinary in Moses. They literally stripped off their clothes, piled them high to make a makeshift throne, and declared him king! "Long live the king!" they cried.

What did this kingship entail? Well, first, they all swore to give him Adoniah, the Ethiopian queen and widow of the previous king, Kikanos, as his wife. They also gave generously of their wealth, gold, silver, onyx stones, pearls… you name it! Imagine the scene – a young Moses, just twenty-seven years old, suddenly ruling over an entire nation. He reigned, the legend says, for forty years.

One of the first challenges King Moses faced was a besieged city plagued by serpents. How would he deal with this? He devised a clever plan. He ordered everyone to capture young storks and raise them. Then, after starving the storks for three days, he unleashed them upon the city. The storks, ravenous, devoured all the snakes, paving the way for victory. Brilliant. Even Balaam, he of the talking donkey fame, makes an appearance in this story! When he saw the city fall, he used his magic to escape to Egypt with his sons, Jannes and Jambres, and his eight brothers.

Of course, being king also meant marrying Adoniah. But here's where the story takes a deeply Jewish turn. Moses, mindful of his ancestors and their covenants with God, refused to consummate the marriage. He remembered Abraham's instructions to Eliezer not to take a Canaanite wife for Isaac. He remembered Isaac's command to Jacob, "Thou shalt not take a wife from the daughters of Canaan, nor ally thyself by marriage with any of the children of Ham, for the Lord our God gave Ham the son of Noah and all his seed as slaves to the children of Shem and Japheth forever." He wasn't about to break those ancient laws.

He continued to rule justly and righteously, and the people loved him. He even subdued rebellions from Aram and the children of the East. But after forty years, Queen Adoniah had had enough. "This man," she declared, "hath not approached me, nor hath he worshipped the gods of Ethiopia. Let him reign over you no more!" She advocated for her son, Monarchos, to take the throne.

The people were torn. The army remained loyal to Moses, but many favored the son of their former king. Eventually, they crowned Monarchos, but they didn't harm Moses, remembering their oath to him and sensing God's presence. Instead, they showered him with gifts and sent him away with honor.

So, at the age of sixty-seven, Moses left Ethiopia. According to the legend, this was all part of God's plan, the appointed time to bring Israel out of Egypt. Fearing to return directly to Egypt because of Pharaoh, Moses journeyed to Midian, setting the stage for the next chapter of his extraordinary life.

What's so compelling about this story? It's more than just an adventure tale. It speaks to Moses' character, his unwavering faith, even in the face of power and temptation. It highlights the complexities of leadership, the tension between loyalty and tradition, and the ever-present hand of God guiding events behind the scenes. And it gives us a glimpse into a part of Moses' life we rarely consider, a formative period that undoubtedly shaped him into the leader he was destined to become. It also shows us the complex relationship between the descendants of Noah's sons: Shem, Ham, and Japheth.

The Zohar, a central text of Jewish mysticism, often emphasizes the hidden dimensions of even the most familiar stories. Perhaps this legend of Moses, the King of Ethiopia, reminds us that there's always more to the story, more to uncover, more to understand about the lives of our heroes. And perhaps, it invites us to consider how our own lives, even the seemingly ordinary moments, might be preparing us for something greater.

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Legends of the Jews 4:99Legends of the Jews

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Legends of the Jews by Louis Ginzberg (1909) · Public Domain

It involves Kikanos, a conquering hero returning home, only to find… the gates barred against him.

Kikanos, fresh from quelling rebellious nations, leads his victorious army toward his city. But as they approach, they see the city walls looming high. "They must think we were gone so long," Kikanos muses, perhaps aloud, "that they've fortified the city against the Canaanites!" That's what Ginzberg tells us, at least, in his Legends of the Jews.

There's more to it than meets the eye. When Kikanos and his men reach the gates, they find them firmly shut. They call out to the guards, demanding entry, but the guards, under the influence of none other than Balaam, refuse to open them. Remember Balaam? The prophet who could both bless and curse? He’s a key player here.

A skirmish breaks out. Can you picture it? The weary but triumphant army, clashing with their own city's guards. In this initial fight, Kikanos loses one hundred and thirty men. A heavy price to pay for a homecoming.

The next day, the battle continues. Kikanos positions his troops on the riverbank. Thirty of his riders, confident in their steeds, attempt to swim across the river. But the waters prove treacherous, and they are swept away. Thirty more lives lost.

Undeterred, Kikanos orders the construction of rafts to transport his men across the river. But as these makeshift vessels reach the canals, disaster strikes again. The waters swirl violently, like they're driven by powerful mill wheels, and two hundred more men are dragged under – twenty from each raft. It's almost as if the very waters are fighting against them.

On the third day, Kikanos tries a different approach. He orders an assault on the side of the city infested with snakes and scorpions. You can almost feel the heat, the dust, the fear. But even this daring maneuver fails. The reptiles, guardians of the city in their own right, kill one hundred and seventy more men.

Finally, Kikanos is forced to concede defeat – at least for now. He abandons the direct assault. But he doesn't give up entirely. Instead, he lays siege to the city. For nine long years, he surrounds it, preventing anyone from entering or leaving. Nine years of tension, of waiting, of simmering conflict.

What does this story tell us? Perhaps it's about the futility of war, even when victory seems within reach. Or maybe it's about the unexpected obstacles that can arise, even when you're coming home. It's a reminder that even the most powerful leaders can be thwarted, and that sometimes, the greatest battles are not fought on the field, but within the walls of our own homes – or in this case, outside them.

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Jasher 72Book of Jasher

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Book of Jasher, J. H. Parry edition (1887) · Public Domain

Kikianus, the king of Cush, a formidable ruler, marches out with his massive army, described as "numerous as the sand," to bring Aram and the easterners back in line. He's successful, smiting them and taking captives.

Kikianus, in his absence, leaves Balaam – yes, that Balaam, the magician – and his sons in charge of guarding the city along with the less fortunate. Big mistake. According to the Book of Jasher, Balaam, seizing the opportunity, convinces the people to rebel against Kikianus. They swear allegiance to Balaam, make him their king, and appoint his sons as army captains.

What do they do? They fortify the city like crazy! They raise the walls at two corners. At the third corner, they dig countless ditches and divert the river to flood the area. And at the fourth corner? This is wild: they use their magic to gather hordes of serpents. Seriously! No one can get in or out.

Kikianus returns victorious, expecting a hero's welcome, but he's met with a fortified city and closed gates. "Open up!" he demands, but Balaam, now king, refuses. A battle ensues, and Kikianus's army suffers heavy losses. They try to cross the river, but the mills and ditches drown many. The serpents decimate another group. A nine-year siege begins, a stalemate that grinds on and on.

And where does Moses fit into all this? Well, during this very siege, Moses, fleeing from Pharaoh after, as the text says, killing an Egyptian, winds up in the camp of Kikianus. The Book of Jasher tells us that Moses was eighteen when he escaped Egypt.

For nine long years, Moses lives among them, becoming a beloved figure. He's described as "great and worthy," with a noble stature, a radiant face, and the strength of a lion. He becomes a trusted counselor to the king.

Then tragedy strikes. Kikianus falls ill and dies. The Cushites are devastated, not just by his death, but also by their predicament. They're stuck in this never-ending siege, far from home, and vulnerable to attack now that their king is gone. They need a leader.

And who do they choose? You guessed it: Moses. They decide to make Moses their king.

They strip off their garments, pile them up, and place Moses on top – a makeshift throne. They blow trumpets and proclaim, "May the king live!" They even swear to give him Adoniah, Kikianus's Cushite widow, as his wife. And the people issued a proclamation that everyone must give something to Moses of what is in his possession. They spread out a sheet and everyone cast in something of what he had – gold earrings, coins, onyx stones, pearls, marble, silver, and gold in great abundance. Moses takes all these treasures and places them among his own.

So, there you have it. Moses, the future leader of the Israelites, becomes king of Cush, all according to the Book of Jasher.

What does it all mean? There are always alternative versions, different perspectives, and hidden narratives that can challenge our assumptions and deepen our understanding of the past.

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