Parshat Shoftim

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Laws of judges and officers, the king, the Levitical priests, true and false prophets, cities of refuge, and warfare. Deuteronomy 16:18-21:9.

“The king loved Esther more than all the women, and she

Midrash Rabbah Esther Rabbah 6:11

“The king loved Esther more than all the women, and she found favor and grace in his eyes more than all the virgins. He set the royal crown on her head, and made her queen in place...

WisdomEstherKingsWomen of the Bible

“In those days, Mordekhai was sitting at the king's gate

Midrash Rabbah Esther Rabbah 6:13

“In those days, Mordekhai was sitting at the king's gate; two of the king's officials, Bigtan and Teresh, among the doorkeepers, became angry and sought to lay hands on King Aḥashv...

MosesDivine justiceCharity

“After these matters, King Aḥashverosh promoted Haman son

Midrash Rabbah Esther Rabbah 7:1

“After these matters, King Aḥashverosh promoted Haman son of Hamedata the Agagite, and he raised him up and set his seat above all the princes who were with him” (Esther 3:1).“Afte...

Divine justiceWisdomCharity

Another matter — “After these matters, King Aḥashverosh

Midrash Rabbah Esther Rabbah 7:4

Another matter: “After these matters, King Aḥashverosh promoted Haman” – there were calculations there. Who calculated? Rabbi Yehuda said: Haman calculated. He said: If Esther is a...

PatriarchsEstherKingsJacob

“All the king's servants who were at the king's gate bowed

Midrash Rabbah Esther Rabbah 7:6

“All the king's servants who were at the king's gate bowed and prostrated themselves to Haman, for so had the king commanded concerning him; and Mordekhai would not bow and would n...

CharityHoly LandKingsWorship

“When they [the king’s servants] spoke to him [Mordekhai]

Midrash Rabbah Esther Rabbah 7:7

“When they [the king’s servants] spoke to him [Mordekhai] daily and he did not heed them, they told Haman, to see whether Mordekhai’s words would prevail; for he had told to them t...

PatriarchsMosesMiracles

What did Mordekhai say to someone who would say to him

Midrash Rabbah Esther Rabbah 7:8

What did Mordekhai say to someone who would say to him: “Why are you violating the king’s command?” (Esther 3:3) Rabbi Levi said: Mordekhai would say: ‘Moses our master cautioned u...

TorahPatriarchsMosesProphecy

“Haman said to King Aḥashverosh — There is one people that

Midrash Rabbah Esther Rabbah 7:12

“Haman said to King Aḥashverosh: There is one people that is scattered and dispersed among the peoples in all the provinces of your kingdom; their laws are different from every peo...

TorahAngelsDivine justiceWisdom

Another matter — “If it pleases the king, let it be written

Midrash Rabbah Esther Rabbah 7:19

Another matter: “If it pleases the king, let it be written to eliminate them” (Esther 3:9) – He [Haman] said to him [the king]: ‘You should write to give me the pen,’17Give me lice...

MosesEstherKings

“The king removed his ring from his hand and gave it to

Midrash Rabbah Esther Rabbah 7:20

“The king removed his ring from his hand and gave it to Haman, son of Hamedata the Agagite, the enemy of the Jews” (Esther 3:10).“The king removed his ring from his hand and gave i...

Divine justiceHoly LandEstherKings

“The king said to Haman — The silver is given to you, and

Midrash Rabbah Esther Rabbah 7:21

“The king said to Haman: The silver is given to you, and the people are yours to do with them as you see fit” (Esther 3:11).“The king said to Haman: The silver [hakesef] is given t...

WisdomEstherKings

“The king’s scribes were summoned on the thirteenth day of

Midrash Rabbah Esther Rabbah 7:22

“The king’s scribes were summoned on the thirteenth day of the first month, and it was written in accordance with everything that Haman had commanded the king’s satraps, and the go...

ExileMosesWisdomMiracles

“The couriers went out urgently by the king’s command, and

Midrash Rabbah Esther Rabbah 7:25

“The couriers went out urgently by the king’s command, and the order was issued in the Shushan citadel; the king and Haman sat to drink, and the city of Shushan was confounded” (Es...

Divine justiceRepentanceHoly Land

“Esther summoned Hatakh, one of the king’s chamberlains

Midrash Rabbah Esther Rabbah 8:4

“Esther summoned Hatakh, one of the king’s chamberlains whom he had set before her, and commanded him to go to Mordekhai to know what this is and why this is” (Esther 4:5).“Esther ...

ExileHoly LandEstherKings

“The king said to her — What troubles you, Queen Esther, and

Midrash Rabbah Esther Rabbah 9:2

“The king said to her: What troubles you, Queen Esther, and what is your request… Esther said: If it pleases the king, let the king and Haman come today to the banquet… The king sa...

CreationTorahExilePatriarchs

“That night, the king’s sleep was disturbed; he said to

Midrash Rabbah Esther Rabbah 10:1

“That night, the king’s sleep was disturbed; he said to bring the book of records, the chronicles, and they were read before the king” (Esther 6:1). “That night, the king’s sleep w...

CharityHoly LandKingsKing David

“The king said — Who is in the court

Midrash Rabbah Esther Rabbah 10:2

“The king said: Who is in the court? Haman had come into the outer court of the king's palace, to tell the king to hang Mordekhai on the gibbet that he had prepared for him” (Esthe...

CharityKing DavidPsalmsKings

“Haman entered, and the king asked him — ‘What is to be done

Midrash Rabbah Esther Rabbah 10:3

“Haman entered, and the king asked him: ‘What is to be done to the man whom the king wishes to honor?’ Haman said in his heart: Whom would the king delight to honor besides myself?...

Divine justiceCharityEstherKings

“The king said to Haman — Hurry, take the garments and the

Midrash Rabbah Esther Rabbah 10:4

“The king said to Haman: Hurry, take the garments and the horse; as you have said, do so to Mordekhai the Jew who sits at the king’s gate. Do not omit anything that you spoke of. H...

TorahExileDivine justicePrayer

“Mordekhai returned to the king’s gate and Haman hastened

Midrash Rabbah Esther Rabbah 10:6

“Mordekhai returned to the king’s gate and Haman hastened home, mourning and covering his head” (Esther 6:12). Mordekhai returned to the king’s gate; [this phrase] teaches that he ...

WisdomEstherKings

Mordekhai returned to the king’s gate and Haman hastened

Midrash Rabbah Esther Rabbah 10:7

Mordekhai returned to the king’s gate and Haman hastened home, mourning and covering his head” (Esther 6:12) – Mourning for his daughter, and covering his head because of what had ...

WisdomEstherKingsDeath

“The king rose in his fury from the wine banquet to the

Midrash Rabbah Esther Rabbah 10:9

“The king rose in his fury from the wine banquet to the palace garden and Haman stood to plead for his life from Esther the queen, for he saw that the king has resolved to do him h...

AngelsDivine justicePrayerWisdom

“And Mordekhai went out from before the king in royal dress

Midrash Rabbah Esther Rabbah 10:12

“And Mordekhai went out from before the king in royal dress of blue and white wool, and a great gold crown, and a robe of fine linen and purple. The city of Shushan reveled and rej...

CharityKingsEstherKing David

Rabbi Ḥiya Raba and Rabbi Shimon ben Ḥalafta were walking

Midrash Rabbah Esther Rabbah 10:14

Rabbi Ḥiya Raba and Rabbi Shimon ben Ḥalafta were walking in the valley of Arbel and they saw the breaking of the dawn’s light. Rabbi Ḥiya Raba said to Rabbi Shimon ben Ḥalafta: So...

RedemptionHoly LandKingsEsther

The Lion, the Bear, and the Snake That Hunted Israel

Midrash Rabbah Esther Rabbah, Petichta 5

The prophet Amos described a man who fled from a lion, only to be attacked by a bear, and when he finally made it home and leaned against the wall, a snake bit him (Amos 5:19). The...

ExileProphecyWisdomTemple

The King Who Killed His Wife for His Friend

Midrash Rabbah Esther Rabbah, Petichta 9

Ahasuerus was a hypocrite. Not in the casual sense of the word, but in the specific, devastating way that Esther Rabbah defines it: a ruler who kills his wife for his friend, and t...

WisdomEstherKingsWomen of the Bible

Can Elijah Really Appear to Someone After Death

Other Texts The Wars of God 3:1

It’s a question that’s been wrestled with for centuries in Jewish tradition. What if someone says Elijah himself appeared to them? According to some, that person might be peddling ...

ElijahTorahProphecy

Kingdom of King Ptolemy

Other Texts The Wars of God 4:8

Tales abound of subtle changes, deliberate alterations made for reasons far deeper than simple translation. One such story, laden with intrigue and divine intervention, revolves ar...

CreationMosesEstherTorah

The Zohar's Layered Vision of God's Cosmic Kingship

Other Texts The Wars of God 4:11

The Zohar, that mystical cornerstone of Kabbalah, gives us a glimpse into their inner world. In Parashat Bereshit, 34a, it speaks of God’s reign in layered terms: "The Lord is King...

TempleMysticismPrayerDivine Names

Philo's Method of Unlocking Meaning from Genesis

Philo The Midrash of Philo 7:1

We read it, we move on. But what if there's a whole universe of meaning packed into those few simple words? That's where midrash (rabbinic interpretive commentary) comes in. Midras...

CreationAdam & EveTorahSefirot

Philo on Whether God Can Truly Be Immobile

Philo The Midrash of Philo 8:2

And it's a question that dances at the heart of a fascinating passage from the Midrash of Philo. Philo, a Jewish philosopher who lived in Alexandria in the first century CE, grappl...

HeavenAdam & EveHumorWisdom

Philo Answers Those Who Deny Divine Justice in Disasters

Philo The Midrash of Philo 13:2

And in the Midrash of Philo, we find a fascinating take on fate, divine justice, and the reasons behind catastrophic events like, say, the Flood. Philo addresses those who argue ag...

Noah & FloodTorahProphecyWisdom

Why All Flesh Was Destroyed and the Parable of a Fallen King

Philo The Midrash of Philo 17:5

The verse in question, from (Genesis 6:13), states that "all things which existed upon the earth shall be consumed." But why? The text grapples with this apparent injustice. One ex...

CreationNoah & FloodMysticismSoul

Kingdom of Noah

Philo The Midrash of Philo 1:1

The Torah tells us plainly: "Enter thou and all thy house into the ark, because I have seen that thou art a just man before me in that generation" (Genesis 7:1). But why? What made...

CreationNoah & FloodRighteousnessKings

Kings Shall Proceed From Abraham's Legacy

Philo The Midrash of Philo 6:1

The question centers around a powerful promise God makes to Abraham in (Genesis 17:6): "I will greatly increase thee, and set thee among the nations, and kings shall proceed from t...

CreationKingsAbrahamDivine justice

Midrash Tanchuma, Mishpatim 11

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Mishpatim 11

If thou lend money to any of My people (Exod. 22:24). The prophet Jeremiah said: Refuse silver shall men call them (Jer. 6:30). You find that when Israel was exiled from Jerusalem,...

ProphecyHoly LandAdam & EveJob

Midrash Tanchuma, Balak 1

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Balak 1

(Numb. 22:2:) “Now Balak [ben Zippor] saw (rt.: r'h).” This text is related (to Deut. 32:4), “The Rock, His work is perfect, because all His ways are justice.” As the Holy One, ble...

TorahNationsProphecyWisdom

Midrash Tanchuma, Masei 8

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Masei 8

(Numb. 34:2:) “When you come into the land.” What is written above the matter (in Numb. 33:52)? “You shall dispossess all the inhabitants of the land from before you.” This text is...

JobElijahIdolatryProphecy

Midrash Tanchuma, Shoftim 9

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Shoftim 9

(Zech. 13:8:) “’And it shall come to pass throughout all the land,’ says the Lord, ‘that two-thirds in it shall be cut off [and] die, but one-third shall remain in it.’” This is wh...

JudgmentHumorAdam & EveMoses

Midrash Tanchuma, Shoftim 18

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Shoftim 18

When you approach a town to attack it, [you shall offer it terms of peace]: See how great is the power of peace; as the Holy One, blessed be He, said to open with peace even to the...

DeathAdam & EveMatriarchsJoseph

The Pious Farmer Whose Toil Honors God

Apocrypha Ben Sira 44:1

Ben Sira, in his wisdom, gives us a glimpse into their lives. He reminds us that piety and significance aren't confined to kings and prophets. "He is busied with oxen, and leadeth ...

PrayerTzaddikHumorChanukah

Isaiah in David's Court

Apocrypha Ben Sira 44:7

Chapter 44, a small but potent passage, is all about remembering those figures, those powerful personalities, who shaped the world we know. "Much honored portion of the Highest, an...

King DavidSolomonWisdom

Wonders in Life and Powerful Deeds in Death

Apocrypha Ben Sira 48:17

It's short, but it packs a punch. “In his life he did wonders, and in his death powerful deeds.” Who are we talking about here? Ben Sira doesn't explicitly say in this chapter, but...

King DavidAdam & EveMiraclesSupernatural

Olive Branch

Apocrypha Book of Jubilees 1:14

It's almost like a prophetic warning echoing through the ages. This book, not included in the standard Hebrew Bible but considered canonical by some, dives deep into the potential ...

Noah & FloodJobTorah

Enoch and True Knowledge

Apocrypha Book of Jubilees 4:21

The Book of Jubilees, a text not included in the canonical Hebrew Bible but cherished by some, gives us glimpses into just that. It's like peeking behind the curtain of Genesis, of...

WisdomAngelsDivine justiceTruth

Holofernes Receives Orders to Crush All Resistance

Apocrypha Book of Judith 2:5

That’s kind of the vibe as we jump back into the Book of Judith. Remember Nebuchadnezzar? Still king, still convinced of his own divine status, and still not thrilled that some nat...

JosephDanielKingsNations

Bethulia in the Holy Land

Apocrypha Book of Judith 7:23

That feeling, that crushing weight of despair, is exactly where we find the Israelites in the Book of Judith. The Assyrian army, a seemingly endless sea of soldiers, tents, and cha...

Holy LandShabbatWarWriting

Story of Uzziah

Apocrypha Book of Judith 7:26

The situation in besieged Bethulia is dire. The young children, their faces gaunt, have lost all hope. The women and young men, weakened beyond measure, are collapsing from thirst....

JudgmentDivine justiceHumorAdam & Eve