Judgment

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Divine justice in Jewish tradition: the heavenly court, the Book of Life, and how God weighs the deeds of the righteous and the wicked.

Midrash Tanchuma, Noach 7

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

And God remembered Noah (Gen. 8:1). Scripture says elsewhere in reference to this verse: A righteous man regardeth the life of his beasts; but the tender mercies of the wicked are ...

Midrash Tanchuma, Noach 10

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

Go forth from the ark (Gen. 8:16). Scripture says elsewhere in reference to this verse: I counsel thee: keep the king’s command, and that in regard of the oath of God. Be not hasty...

Midrash Tanchuma, Lech Lecha 8

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

And it came to pass in the days of Amraphel (Gen. 14:1). May it please our master to teach us whether a slave obtains his freedom if his owner assigns all his property to him as a ...

Midrash Tanchuma, Lech Lecha 10

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

After these things, the word of the Lord came unto Abraham, in a vision, saying: “Fear not, Abram!” (Gen. 15:1). May it please our master to teach us what (the) burnt offerings (pr...

Midrash Tanchuma, Lech Lecha 12

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

After these things the word of the Lord came unto Abram (Gen. 15:1). Scripture states elsewhere in allusion to this verse: The wicked earneth false wages, but he that soweth righte...

Midrash Tanchuma, Vayera 2

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

R. Berechiah began the discussion in R. Levi’s name with the verse: Thou hast also given me Thy shield, and Thy salvation; and Thy right hand hath holden me up, and Thy condescensi...

Midrash Tanchuma, Vayera 3

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

And the Lord appeared unto him by the terebinths of Mamre (Gen. 18:1) Why did the Holy One, blessed be He, appear by the terebinths of Mamre? May the name of the Holy One, blessed ...

Midrash Tanchuma, Vayera 4

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

And he lifted up his eyes and looked, and lo, three men stood over against him; and when he saw them, he ran to meet them (Gen. 18:1). Thereupon the blood flowed once again from hi...

Midrash Tanchuma, Vayera 9

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

And the two angels came to Sodom (Gen. 19:1). May it please our master to teach us the number of death penalties the Beth Din (the court of seventy-one members) was empowered to im...

Midrash Tanchuma, Vayera 17

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

And the Lord remembered Sarah (Gen. 21:1). Scripture says elsewhere in allusion to this verse: Then the nations that are left round about shall know that I, the Lord, have builded ...

Midrash Tanchuma, Toldot 5

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

These are the generations of Isaac, Abraham’s son: Abraham begot Isaac (Gen. 25:19). It is written in Scripture: No weapon that is formed against thee shall prosper; and every tong...

Midrash Tanchuma, Vayetzei 5

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

The Lord saw that Leah was hated (Gen. 29:17). Scripture states elsewhere in allusion to this verse: For He knoweth base men; and when He seeketh iniquity, will He not then conside...

Midrash Tanchuma, Vayetzei 8

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

And God remembered Rachel (Gen. 30:22). May our master teach us whether a man may recite the prayer “May it be Your will that my wife give birth to a son” if she is already pregnan...

Midrash Tanchuma, Vayishlach 3

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

He commanded them, saying; “Thus shall you say unto my lord Esau” (Gen. 32:5). R. Judah the son of Simon began the discussion with the verse: As a troubled fountain, and a corrupte...

Midrash Tanchuma, Vayishlach 10

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

And God appeared unto Jacob again, when he came from Padan-aram (Gen. 35:9). May it please our master to teach us: What is the punishment meted out to one who does not permit the p...

Midrash Tanchuma, Vayeshev 2

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

37:3). The “son of his features” (ikunim, playing on zikunim, “old age”), for he resembled his father very closely. R. Ishmael said: He was called the son of his old age because Jo...

Midrash Tanchuma, Miketz 10

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

And God almighty give you mercy before the man (Gen. 43:14). Scripture states elsewhere in allusion to this verse: For this let everyone that is godly pray unto Thee in a time when...

Midrash Tanchuma, Vayigash 5

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

Another comment on Then Judah drew near unto him. He came near him and said huskily; “Oh, my lord, do not transgress the laws of justice because of us. Let thy servant, I pray thee...

Midrash Tanchuma, Vayechi 3

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

And he called his son Joseph (Gen. 47:29). Why did he not summon Reuben or Judah? After all, Reuben was the firstborn, while Judah was a king. He ignored them and called Joseph ins...

Midrash Tanchuma, Shemot 13

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

3:1). R. Levi stated: Everyone about whom it is written was, his beginning and his end were proper. R. Johanan said: Everyone about whom it says was, fed and sustained others. Othe...

Midrash Tanchuma, Shemot 20

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

And the Lord said: I have surely seen the affliction of my people (Exod. 3:7). Scripture states elsewhere For He knoweth base men; and when He seeth iniquity, will He not then cons...

Midrash Tanchuma, Shemot 29

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

And Moses told Aaron all the words of the Lord (Exod. 4:29). Moses began to reveal to him everything that the Holy One, blessed be He, had told him, and that he was to go perform t...

Midrash Tanchuma, Vaera 1

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

And God spoke unto Moses, and said unto him: “I am the Lord; and I appeared unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob” (Exod. 6:2). May our masters teach us the punishment that is i...

Midrash Tanchuma, Vaera 17

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

And when Pharaoh saw that the rain and the hail and the thunders were ceased (Exod. 9:34). Such is the way of the wicked: whenever they are in trouble, they humiliate themselves, b...

Midrash Tanchuma, Beshalach 10

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

And lift thou up thy rod (Exod. 14:16). Ten miracles were performed in their behalf at the sea. The sea was split asunder for them, and became a kind of vault, as it is said: Thou ...

Midrash Tanchuma, Beshalach 11

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

Unto the Lord (Exod. 15:1). They sang unto the Lord and not to a mere mortal. When will they sing unto man? When His right hand and His mighty arm have wrought salvation. That is t...

Midrash Tanchuma, Beshalach 14

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

The deeps cover them (Exod. 15:5). Were there actually any deeps? Is not the floor of the Red Sea flat and firm? This verse merely informs us that the lower depth as well as the up...

Midrash Tanchuma, Beshalach 25

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

Then came Amalek and fought with Israel in Rephidim (Exod. 17:8). R. Eliezer the son of Hisma said: This verse should be understood and interpreted in relation to the verse quoted ...

Midrash Tanchuma, Yitro 2

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

18:1). Some hear and lose (their reward), while others hear and are rewarded. Joash heard and lost (his reward), just as it is said: Then the king hearkened unto him (II Chron. 24:...

Midrash Tanchuma, Mishpatim 1

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

21:1). Scripture states (elsewhere in reference to this verse): The strength also of the king who loveth justice. Thou hast established equity and righteousness in Jacob (Ps. 99:4)...

Midrash Tanchuma, Mishpatim 2

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

21:1). Scripture says elsewhere: The king by justice establisheth the land, but the man who sets himself apart (terumah)1The word terumah means “something set aside,” as with the p...

Midrash Tanchuma, Mishpatim 3

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

21:1). R. Abahu said in the name of R. Yosé the son of Zimra: Whenever the word eleh (“these”) is written, the lack of importance of the earlier generations is indicated, but whene...

Midrash Tanchuma, Mishpatim 4

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

21:1). Scripture says (elsewhere) in reference to this verse: These also are sayings of the wise. To have respect of persons in judgment is not good (Prov. 24:23). The Holy One, bl...

Midrash Tanchuma, Mishpatim 5

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

21:1). Scripture says elsewhere in reference to this verse: He declareth His word unto Jacob … He hath not dealt so with any nation (Ps. 147:19–20). Aquila the convert, Hadrian’s n...

Midrash Tanchuma, Mishpatim 6

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

A question: An Israelite involved in a litigation with his neighbor, is prohibited from going to a heathen judge for judgment,4See Rashi on the beginning of Exod. 21:1 and above Ta...

Midrash Tanchuma, Mishpatim 7

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

It has been taught: thou shalt not hate thy brother in thy heart (Lev. 19:17). You might say that this means you must not strike him or curse him. However, since Scripture says in ...

Midrash Tanchuma, Mishpatim 8

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

If thou lend money to any of my people (Exod. 22:24). Scripture says elsewhere in reference to this verse: There is a grievous evil which I have seen under the sun, namely riches k...

Midrash Tanchuma, Mishpatim 10

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

The two different items that were pledged—habol tahbol.22Though Exod. 22:25 speaks only of night garments, the repetition of the word haval (havol tahbol) indicates that two differ...

Midrash Tanchuma, Mishpatim 15

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

If thou lend money to any of My people (Exod. 22:24). R. Tanhuma began the discussion with the verse: He that is gracious unto the poor lendeth unto the Lord … He will repay unto H...

Midrash Tanchuma, Ki Tisa 5

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

When thou takest the sum (Exod. 30:12).11This entire section is to be found almost verbatim in Pesikta de-Rav Kahana, pisha 2:4–5. R. Jonah began to discuss the verse For God is ju...

Midrash Tanchuma, Ki Tisa 14

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

And he gave unto Moses, when he had made an end of speaking (Exod. 31:18). R. Tanhuma began the discussion with the verse: Unto Thee, O Lord, belongeth righteousness, but unto us c...

Midrash Tanchuma, Ki Tisa 26

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

And the Lord spoke unto Moses: “Depart, go up hence” (Exod. 33:1). This is what Scripture says in allusion to this verse: For I will restore health unto thee, and I will heal thee ...

Midrash Tanchuma, Ki Tisa 27

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

And now Moses used to take the tent and to pitch it without the camp, afar off (Exod. 33:7). R. Simeon the son of Lakish held that Moses made his decision by an inference ad minore...

Midrash Tanchuma, Vayikra 6

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

(Lev. 4:1–2:) “And the Lord spoke unto Moses, saying, … ‘When a soul sins [by mistake]….’” Let our master instruct us: Is it right for one to enter the Temple Mount with his staff ...

Midrash Tanchuma, Vayikra 7

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

(Lev. 5:1:) “And if a soul sins in that it hears a voice swearing […, if he does not speak out, he shall bear his iniquity].” This text is related (to Eccl. 5:1), “Do not be rash w...

Midrash Tanchuma, Tzav 2

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

Another interpretation (of Lev. 6:2), “Command Aaron.” What is the function of Aaron here? Israel was bringing offerings whereas Aaron is mentioned, and Scripture says here, “Comma...

Midrash Tanchuma, Tzav 14

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

Another interpretation: "Command Aharon [...]" (Leviticus 6:2) This is what is written (Psalms 51:20), "With Your will, do good to Zion," and afterwards (Psalms 51:21), "Then You w...

Midrash Tanchuma, Shmini 2

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma

(Lev. 9:1) “And it came to pass on the eighth day….” This text is related (to Ps. 75:5), “I say to the merrymakers, ‘Do not make merry….’” What is the meaning of [the words], “I sa...