Why the Master Goes Unpunished if the Slave Survives a Day

Mekhilta DeRabbi Shimon Ben Yochai 21:21

"A day" (Exodus 21:21). One might think a single day; therefore Scripture says "two days." Or "two days," one might think two full days; therefore Scripture says "a day." Say from now on: a day that is like two days, that is, from one time to the corresponding time [a full twenty-four hours]. "He shall not be avenged, for he stands." He is not put to death by the sword. "For he is his money." This excludes the Hebrew slave and maidservant, in whom he has no money. "His money" excludes a slave held in partnership. "His" excludes one who is half slave and half free. "For he is his money."

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