Why the Nations Refused the Torah and Israel Said Yes

Pesikta Rabbati 21:1

The Ten Words. "I am the LORD your God who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage" (Exodus 20:2). "Upon a ten-stringed instrument and upon the lyre, with a meditation upon the harp" (Psalms 92:4). It was taught in the name of Rabbi Yehudah: there are seven strings on the harp in this time, corresponding to "Seven times a day I praise You" (Psalms 119:164); in the days of the Messiah there are eight, "For the leader, upon the eighth" (Psalms 12:1), upon the eighth string; in the time to come there are ten, "Give thanks to the LORD with the lyre, with the ten-stringed harp sing praises to Him" (Psalms 33:2). Another interpretation. Hadrian - may his bones be crushed - asked Rabbi Yehoshua ben Hananiah, saying: the Holy One gave great honor to the nations of the world, for those first five Words that He gave to Israel have His name woven into them, that is, if Israel sin He brings complaint against them; the latter five Words that He gave to the nations of the world have no name woven into them, that is, if the nations sin no one brings complaint against them. He said to him: come, walk with me through the provinces. In every place he led him, he would see images of him set up. He said: what is this? He said: my image. Until he drew him to a privy. He said: my lord the king, I see that in all this province you rule, that in every place your image is set up, yet in this place it is not set up. He said: are you the elder of the Jews? Is it the honor of a king to have his image set up in a place of contempt, an abominable, filthy place? He said to him: did your ears not hear what your mouth spoke? So it is the praise of the Holy One that His name not be woven in with murderers, with adulterers, with thieves. He sent him off and went away. When he left, his disciples said: master, you pushed this one off with a reed; what do you answer us? He said: thus it arose in the mind of the Holy One. At first He went to the children of Esau and said: will you accept the Torah? They said before Him: Master of the world, what is written in it? He said: "You shall not murder." They said: the very being of those men - their father promised them only the sword, "by your sword you shall live" (Genesis 27:40); we cannot accept the Torah. Then He went to the children of Ammon and Moab and said: will you accept the Torah? They said: what is written in it? He said: "You shall not commit adultery." They said: the very being of those men comes only from adultery, "the two daughters of Lot conceived by their father" (Genesis 19:36); we cannot accept it. Then He went to the children of Ishmael and said: will you accept the Torah? They said: what is written in it? He said: "You shall not steal." They said: the very being of those men lives only by theft and robbery, "he will be a wild man, his hand against everyone" (Genesis 16:12); we cannot accept it. Then He came to Israel, and they said: "We will do and we will hear" (Exodus 24:7), as it is written, "from His right hand a fiery law for them" (Deuteronomy 33:2). "I am" - Rabbi Yohanan said: I Myself wrote and gave it. Rabbi Yudan son of Rabbi Simon said: "I" - I gave, I wrote the Ten Words. Rabbi Berekhiah said: "I" - by My light and My crown, My dove, you shall receive the Ten Words. "I" (anokhi). The aleph is one (echad), the Holy One: "Hear O Israel, the LORD our God, the LORD is one" (Deuteronomy 6:4). The nun is fifty, the kaf is twenty, together seventy - the seventy nations the Holy One created in His world. The yod is ten - these are the ten generations, and out of all of them He chose only Israel. "I" (anokhi): the aleph is Abraham our father, "Abraham was one" (Ezekiel 33:24); the nun is fifty, for at fifty Abraham recognized his Creator; the kaf is twenty, that he marked circumcision for twenty generations; the yod is ten - the ten tests with which Abraham was tested, and he stood in all of them. "I" (anokhi): the aleph is Israel, "one is My dove" (Song of Songs 6:9); the nun fifty, the fifty days between Passover and Atzeret; the kaf twenty, the ten plagues the Holy One brought on the Egyptians in Egypt and ten at the sea; the yod ten, the Ten Words. Rabbi Shimon ben Yohai said: "anokhi" - you cannot stand against its preciousness. Rabbi Yehudah said: this word "anokhi" is nothing but a language of love and affection. A parable: to a king who sent his son to a country across the sea, and he learned the language of the sea-people, and when he returned the king began to speak with him in his own language. So because Israel were in Egypt and learned their language, when they came before Mount Sinai the Holy One began to speak with them in the Egyptian language, anokhi. Rabbi Nehemiah said: "anokhi" is nothing but a language of awe and fear. Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Yohai: the Holy One opened to Israel with an opening of merit. When they stood and said, "all that the LORD has spoken we will do and we will hear" (Exodus 24:7), and then said, "these are your gods, O Israel" (Exodus 32:4), He sought to destroy them, "He said He would destroy them, had not Moses His chosen stood in the breach before Him" (Psalms 106:23). Moses said before the Holy One: Master of the world, You did not say "I am the LORD your God" to me alone; surely You said to all Israel "I am the LORD your God." Rabbi Yehoshua of Sikhnin in the name of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi: the Holy One said to him, Moses, well have you taught a defense for My children. Henceforth I will speak to you in the plural, "I am the LORD your God" in the plural (Leviticus 19:4), to warn all of you. Rabbi Shimon ben Yohai taught: "anokhi" is nothing but a language of comfort, as in "I, I am He who comforts you" (Isaiah 51:12). Rabbi Avin in the name of Resh Lakish: a parable to a king who took a noblewoman in marriage and wrote her a great marriage contract - so many estates I give you, so many ships on the sea, so many towns on dry land - then went off to a country across the sea and tarried. Her companions taunted her, saying, take a husband while you are young, while you have strength. She would enter her bridal chamber, open her contract, read it, and be comforted. In time the king returned and said: my daughter, how did you wait for me all these years? She said: my lord the king, had it not been for my great contract that you wrote me, my companions would already have made me abandon you. So the nations taunt Israel, saying: how long will you die for your God, be slain for Him, give your lives for Him? Return to us and we will make you dukes and prefects. And Israel enter the synagogues and houses of study, open the Torah scroll, and read, "I will turn to you and make you fruitful" (Leviticus 26:9), "I will set My dwelling among you, and My soul will not abhor you" (Leviticus 26:11), and they are comforted. As David said, "Unless Your Torah had been my delight, I would have perished in my affliction" (Psalms 119:92). Why were the Ten Words spoken in the singular? Because individuals nullified them: "I am" - Micah nullified it; "You shall have no other" - Jeroboam nullified it; "You shall not take in vain" - Zedekiah; "Remember" - the one who gathered sticks; "Honor" - Absalom; "You shall not murder" - Joab; "You shall not commit adultery" - Zimri; "You shall not steal" - Achan; "You shall not bear false witness" - Ziba; "You shall not covet" - Ahab, "Have you murdered and also taken possession?" (1 Kings 21:19). The Ten Words were spoken corresponding to the ten utterances by which the world was created. "I am" corresponds to "God said, Let there be light" (Genesis 1:3), and it is written, "the LORD will be your everlasting light" (Isaiah 60:19). "You shall have no other" corresponds to "Let there be a firmament dividing" (Genesis 1:6) - the Holy One said, let there be a division between Me and idolatry, called gathered waters. "You shall not take in vain" corresponds to "Let the waters be gathered" (Genesis 1:10) - the waters apportioned honor to Me; will you not apportion honor by not swearing falsely in My name? "Remember" corresponds to "Let the earth sprout" (Genesis 1:11). "Honor" corresponds to "Let there be lights" (Genesis 1:14) - behold, I made you two lights, your father and your mother; be careful of their honor. "You shall not murder" corresponds to "Let the waters swarm" (Genesis 1:20) - do not be like these fish, where the big swallow the small. "You shall not commit adultery" corresponds to "Let the earth bring forth a living creature" (Genesis 1:24) - behold, I made you your mate; let each cleave to its mate. "You shall not steal" corresponds to "I have given you every herb yielding seed" (Genesis 1:29) - let no one of you reach out his hand in theft. "You shall not bear false witness" corresponds to "Let us make man" (Genesis 1:26) - I made you your fellow in My likeness; do not testify falsely against him. "You shall not covet" corresponds to "It is not good for man to be alone" (Genesis 2:18) - I made you your mate; let no man covet his fellow's wife. The Ten Words were spoken corresponding to the ten plagues the Holy One brought on the Egyptians. "I am" corresponds to the plague of blood - do not say like Pharaoh, "my Nile is my own, and I made myself" (Ezekiel 29:3). "You shall have no other" corresponds to the frogs that went up into their ovens - the frogs apportioned honor to Me, and will you not? "You shall not take in vain" corresponds to the lice. "Remember" corresponds to the wild beasts. "Honor" corresponds to the pestilence, for it is written, "that your days may be long" (Exodus 20:12). "You shall not murder" corresponds to the boils. "You shall not commit adultery" corresponds to the hail. "You shall not steal" corresponds to the locust, "they enter through the windows like a thief" (Joel 2:9). "You shall not bear false witness" corresponds to the darkness - if your testimony does not give light as this light, do not testify. "You shall not covet" corresponds to the firstborn. Rabbi Yonah in the name of Rabbi Levi: the world was created with the letter bet [the first letter of "In the beginning"]. Just as the bet is closed on every side and open on one side, so you have no permission to inquire what is above, what is below, what is before, what is behind. Another interpretation: the bet has one point above and one point behind it; they say to the bet, who created you? It points to the point above: the One above created me. And what is His name? It points to the point behind it: the LORD is His name. Why with a bet? Because it is a language of blessing (berakhah), and not with an aleph, which is a language of cursing (arirah). The Holy One said: let there be no opening for the world to say, how can the world stand, created in a language of cursing? Rather I create it with a bet, a language of blessing, and may it stand. And for all those twenty-six generations the aleph cried out before the Holy One, saying: Master of all the worlds, I am the first of all letters, yet You did not create Your world with me but with the bet. The Holy One said: go, the whole world is yours, for the whole world was created only for the sake of the Torah, and tomorrow I will give Torah to My children and open it only with you: "anokhi (I) am the LORD your God." "Who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage." The disciples of Rabbi Yohanan ben Zakkai asked him: why was the slave's ear pierced rather than any other limb? He said to them: the ear that heard on Mount Sinai, "I am the LORD your God who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage," and accepted upon itself the yoke of the kingdom of flesh and blood; the ear that heard before Mount Sinai, "You shall have no other gods before Me," yet went and acquired another master - let that ear come and be pierced, for it did not keep what it heard. Formerly Israel were slaves to slaves; from now on they are servants of the Holy One, "for to Me the children of Israel are servants; they are My servants whom I brought out of the land of Egypt" (Leviticus 25:55).

Themes