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Esau Blocked Jacob's Burial and a Deaf Warrior Cut Off His Head

Jacob's body waited at the cave mouth while the brothers argued a deed. Dan's deaf son asked why the grave was still empty.

Curated by Arthur · Told by Maggid ·
Table of Contents
  1. The Ivory Couch
  2. The Column That Made Canaan Stare
  3. The Claim at the Cave Door
  4. Four Thousand at Leah's Grave
  5. Chushim Did Not Wait for the Deed
Esau Blocked Jacob's Burial and a Deaf Warrior Cut Off His Head Click for full size

The Ivory Couch

Joseph laid his father on a couch of ivory framed with gold, inlaid with stones, tied with cords of fine linen. They poured hot wine. They burned perfume until the room hurt the eyes. Chiefs of Esau's house stood along the wall. Chiefs of Ishmael's house stood with them. Then Judah rose.

He called Jacob a cedar whose head reached heaven, whose shade covered the earth, whose roots went down into the deep. From that tree, he said, twelve tribes had come, and kings, and priests. When a cedar falls, every bird that nested in it has to mourn. He was not making a pretty speech. He was naming the beam the house had been built on.

Joseph bowed on his father's face and wept and kissed him. The physicians of Egypt went to work. Forty days of embalming. Seventy days of Egyptian lament, men saying to one another, Come, let us mourn Jacob the Holy, whose righteousness turned the famine from this land. It had been decreed forty-two years of hunger. Through Jacob, forty of those years were held back. Egypt had starved two years, not forty-two, and even that had ended while he lay in the house.

The Column That Made Canaan Stare

Pharaoh said, Go up, and bury your father as he made you swear. Joseph went. The servants of Pharaoh went. The elders of Egypt went. The twelve tribes marched in the order they would later keep in the wilderness, each in its place. Chariots. Horsemen. A company so large the people of Canaan, watching from the ridges, named the place Abel-Mizraim, the meadow of Egypt's mourning, because they had never seen a grief that wide walk on their roads.

The column reached Hebron. The cave of Machpelah waited, where Abraham and Sarah, Isaac and Rebekah, and Leah already lay. Jacob had bought his place. He had sworn his sons to put him there. The mouth of the cave was a dark slot in the hillside.

Esau was standing in it.

The Claim at the Cave Door

Esau put his body in the doorway and spoke like a man with a deed of his own. The cave had pairs, he said. Adam and Eve. Abraham and Sarah. Isaac and Rebekah. Jacob had already used his slot for Leah. The space left was Esau's, by birth, as Isaac's son. He had sold the birthright, he said. He had not sold this.

The sons of Jacob knew better. Their father had bought Esau's share. A bill of sale existed. Esau, guessing it had been left in Egypt, denied that any such writing had ever been made. So they sent Naphtali, swift as a hind, back down the road for the document.

Jacob's body waited in the sun while the argument ran. Judah's patience thinned. He had given the eulogy. He had led the march. He was not going to hold his father's corpse at a property line while Esau performed a legal trick.

Four Thousand at Leah's Grave

This was not a new quarrel. Years earlier, when Leah died, Esau had come against the house with four thousand men in iron and brass, shields, bows, lances, and they had surrounded the fortress while Jacob and his sons sat in mourning. Two hundred servants were all the house had inside the walls.

Jacob climbed the tower and called down words of peace, friendship, brotherhood. Esau did not heed them. Arrows hit the stone. Judah said to his father, How long will you speak love while he comes in armor to slay us? Jacob bent the bow. He killed Adoram the Edomite. He sent a second arrow into Esau's right shoulder. Esau went weak. His sons lifted him onto a white mule and carried him away. Some said he died of that wound. He had not. He had kept the anger for a cave door.

Now the same man stood in the slot of Machpelah and would not move. The old armor was gone. The claim was the same.

Chushim Did Not Wait for the Deed

Dan's son Chushim was deaf. He had followed the procession from Egypt. He had stood through the talk at the cave. He could not follow the legal argument, or the counter-argument, or the long wait for a paper still on the road from Egypt. He watched his grandfather's body lie in front of a closed cave while his uncles argued with a man who kept saying no.

He asked, at last, what the delay was. Someone put it into his face with slow mouth-shapes: Esau is blocking the burial. Esau is claiming the plot. Naphtali has gone for the deed.

Chushim said, "And while all this happens, my grandfather lies dishonored in front of the cave?"

He took his sword and cut off Esau's head. The head rolled into the cave and came to rest in the lap of Isaac, who was already buried there. In another telling the blow was a club, and Esau's eyes fell out onto Jacob's knees, and Jacob opened his own eyes and smiled. Either way the doorway was clear.

The deed arrived from Egypt a little later. No one needed it. Joseph lowered his father into the cave as he had sworn. Esau's head was already inside with Isaac. Rebekah's old fear, that she would lose both sons in one day, had come due at last.


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6 sources

The texts behind this telling. Some cards carry a translation of the source; others are our own retelling of it, and each card says which. Every card links out to the original.

Targum Jonathan on Genesis 50Targum Jonathan

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Targum of Jonathan ben Uzziel, trans. J. W. Etheridge, London, 1862 · Public Domain

The Torah describes Jacob's burial as a solemn procession to Canaan. Targum Jonathan turns it into an epic confrontation complete with a golden deathbed, a eulogy comparing Jacob to a cosmic tree, a seventy-day mourning that credited his righteousness with ending the famine, and a violent showdown at the cave of Machpelah.

Joseph laid his father "upon a couch of ivory framed with pure gold, inlaid with precious stones, and secured with cords of fine linen." There they poured fervent wines and burned costly perfumes. The chiefs of Esau's house and the chiefs of Ishmael's house stood present. Then Judah, called "the Lion of Judah, the strength of his brethren", delivered a eulogy unlike anything in the Torah: "Come, let us raise up to our father a tall cedar whose head shall reach to the top of heaven, and its branches overshadow all the inhabitants of the earth, and its roots extend to the depths of the abyss. From it have arisen the twelve tribes, and from it will arise kings, princes, and priests."

The Egyptians mourned Jacob for seventy days, and the Targum gives their reason: "Come, let us lament over Jacob the Holy, whose righteousness turned away the famine from the land of Egypt. For it had been decreed that there should be forty-two years of famine, but through the righteousness of Jacob forty years are withheld from Egypt, and there came famine but for two years only." Jacob's mere presence had reduced a forty-two-year catastrophe to just two years.

The burial journey proceeds normally until the procession reaches Hebron. Then everything falls apart. When Jacob's sons arrive at the Cave of Machpelah, "Esau the Wicked journeyed from the mountain of Seir with many legions and came to Hebron, and would not suffer Joseph to bury his father in the Double Cave." Esau showed up with an army and blocked the burial.

Naphtali, the fastest runner among the brothers, sprinted all the way to Egypt and back in a single day to retrieve the legal document proving Esau had sold his share of the cave. But the crisis was not resolved by paperwork. The Targum says Joseph "beckoned to Hushim the son of Dan, who unsheathed the sword and struck off the head of the Wicked Esau." Hushim, according to rabbinic tradition, was deaf and could not understand why the burial was being delayed. When he learned Esau was obstructing his grandfather's funeral, he simply cut off Esau's head. The head "rolled into the midst of the cave and rested upon the bosom of Isaac his father." Esau's body was buried separately in the field.

After the burial, Joseph's brothers feared retaliation because Joseph "did not return to eat together with them." They sent Bilhah, not a messenger, but their father's concubine, to plead their case. Joseph's response in the Targum is more theological than the Torah's version: "The Word of the Lord thought on me for good." He explains that his father had seated him at the head of the table, and it was Jacob's honor, not resentment, that kept him separate.

Joseph's final prophecy contains a remarkable detail. He makes his brothers swear to tell their children: "You shall not presume to go up out of Egypt until the time that two Deliverers shall come, and say to you, Remembering, remember ye the Lord." Two redeemers, not one, traditionally identified as Moses and Aaron. And when Joseph died, "they embalmed him with perfumes, laid him in an ark, and submerged him in the midst of the Nile." His coffin was sunk in the river itself, where it would remain hidden for generations.

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Chronicles of Jerahmeel XXXVIIChronicles of Jerahmeel (Gaster, 1899)

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Chronicles of Jerahmeel, trans. Moses Gaster (1899) · Public Domain

Esau had moved away from his brother Jacob, but the sages in the Chronicles of Jerahmeel say it was not because his hatred had cooled. "His anger did he bear perpetually, and he kept his wrath forever." He was simply biding his time.

The moment came when Leah died. Jacob and his sons sat in mourning, surrounded by family and servants who had gathered to comfort them, about two hundred people in all, sitting peacefully with no thought of attack. That is when Esau struck. He arrived with a host of four thousand men, all clad in iron and brass coats of mail, armed with shields, bows, and lances. They surrounded the fortress.

Jacob climbed the tower wall and called out to his brother with words of peace, friendship, and brotherhood. Esau ignored every word. Judah lost patience: "How long will you speak to him of love while he comes at us like an armed enemy?" Jacob bent his bow and killed Adoram the Edomite with his first shot. His second arrow struck Esau in the right shoulder.

Weakened by the wound, Esau was lifted onto a white mule by his sons and carried to Adoram, where, according to one tradition, he died. Other sources say he survived. But the battle was far from over. Judah leaped from the walls and fought with devastating force. The chronicle, a 12th-century Hebrew compilation translated by Moses Gaster in 1899, describes how Jacob's sons routed the Edomite army in detail, killing many of Esau's commanders and scattering the remainder. The sons of Esau eventually sued for peace, and a treaty was made dividing the land. Esau's descendants received Seir, while Jacob held Canaan.

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Legends of the Jews 1:424Legends of the Jews

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Legends of the Jews by Louis Ginzberg (1909) · Public Domain

Jacob, also known as Israel, patriarch of the Israelite nation, has passed away. His sons, the heads of the tribes, are preparing to lay him to rest in the Machpelah (מַכְפֵּלָה), the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron. This isn't just any burial; this is a family plot, a place of immense historical and spiritual significance.

Here comes Esau, Jacob’s twin brother, ready to stir up trouble. According to Ginzberg's retelling in Legends of the Jews, Esau tries to block the burial. His argument? Jacob had already used up his share of the tomb when he buried Leah there. The only remaining spot, Esau claimed, rightfully belonged to him.

"Sure," Esau says, dripping with resentment, "I sold my birthright to Jacob, but I still have a right to a place in the family tomb as a son of Isaac!"

The sons of Jacob knew better. They knew their father had, in fact, purchased Esau's share in the cave. They even had a bill of sale! But, as luck would have it, the document was back in Egypt. Esau, banking on this inconvenient truth, boldly denied that any such sale ever occurred. So, they sent Naphtali, known for his speed, racing back to Egypt to retrieve the crucial document.

A funeral held hostage by a property dispute!

But then comes Hushim, the son of Dan, into the picture. He was deaf and hadn't understood the argument unfolding. He sees the delay, the somber faces, and asks, bewildered, why they weren’t proceeding with the burial. As Ginzberg tells it, upon learning that they were waiting for Naphtali to return from Egypt with the bill of sale, Hushim is absolutely incensed.

“My grandfather will lie unburied until Naphtali gets back?” he roared, or perhaps signed, overcome with righteous indignation. He grabs a club – and this is where the story takes a dramatic turn – and strikes Esau a mighty blow.

The result? Esau is killed instantly. According to the legend, his eyes even pop out of their sockets and land on Jacob's knees! And in a truly bizarre twist, Jacob, who was presumed dead, opens his eyes and smiles.

With Esau out of the way, the burial proceeds without further interruption. Joseph, Jacob’s beloved son, ensures that Esau is also interred in the Cave of Machpelah, fulfilling his wish to be buried alongside his family.

What are we to make of this strange and violent tale? It's a stark reminder that even in matters of death and legacy, family tensions, old grievances, and the pursuit of what we believe is rightfully ours can erupt in unexpected and dramatic ways. It also highlights the importance of honoring our ancestors and ensuring they receive a proper burial, even if it means taking drastic action. And perhaps, just perhaps, it suggests that even in death, the patriarchs can still have the last laugh.

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Yalkut Shimoni on Torah 162:1Yalkut Shimoni on Torah

Translation of the source text.Torat Emet (Yalkut Shimoni) · CC-BY-NC

When they reached the Cave of Machpelah, Esau came and held them up. He said: Mamre, Kiriath Arba (the city of four), there are four couples - Adam and Eve, Abraham and Sarah, Isaac and Rebekah. He buried Leah in his own place; this one that remains is mine. They said to him: you sold it. He said to them: granted that I sold my birthright, did I sell my ordinary portion? They said: yes, for it is written, "in my grave which I dug (karithi) for myself" - and kirah means nothing but selling. He said to them: give me the deed. They said to him: the deed is in the land of Egypt. And who shall go? Let Naphtali go, for he is swift, as it is written, "Naphtali is a hind let loose, who gives goodly words (imrei shafer)" (Genesis 49:21). Do not read imrei shafer but imrei sefer [words of the document]. Chushim the son of Dan was there, and his ears were heavy [he was hard of hearing]. He said to them: what is this? They said to him: this one is holding us up until Naphtali comes from the land of Egypt. He said: until the deed comes from Egypt shall my grandfather lie in disgrace? He took a club and struck him on his head; his eyes fell out and dropped at Jacob's feet. Jacob opened his eyes and smiled. This is what is written, "The righteous shall rejoice when he sees the vengeance; he shall wash his feet in the blood of the wicked" (Psalms 58:11). At that hour the prophecy of Rebekah was fulfilled, as it is written, "Why should I be bereaved of you both in one day?" (Genesis 27:45). Some say Judah killed Esau. When? At the time our father Isaac died, and Jacob and Esau and all the tribes went to bury him, as it is written, "And Esau and Jacob his sons buried him." They were all standing in the cave weeping, and the tribes stood giving honor to Jacob. They went outside the cave so that Jacob would not weep and be shamed before them. Esau began to enter the cave. Judah looked and saw that Esau had entered after him. He said: perhaps he means to kill my father inside. He entered and found Esau seeking to kill his father. Immediately he rose and killed him from behind. This is why his father blessed him, "Your hand shall be on the neck of your enemies" (Genesis 49:8). And why did he not kill him to his face? Because his features resembled his own; therefore he gave him honor and killed him from behind. And why did he bless him at the neck? How much did Joshua struggle before the Holy One, blessed be He, that He give him the neck, and He did not give it. From where do we know? For so he says, "Oh Lord, what shall I say, after Israel has turned their backs (neck) before their enemies" (Joshua 7:8). Even so it availed him nothing. And to whom did He give the neck? To the tribe of Judah, as it is said, "Your hand shall be on the neck of your enemies." And so David says, "You have given me the necks of my enemies" (2 Samuel 22:41). David said: it is my boot, as it is said, "And this for Judah" (Deuteronomy 33:7). From whom do you learn it? From Goliath, as it is said, "And the stone sank into his forehead and he fell upon his face" - it should have said he fell backward, but the angel pushed him onto his face, to fulfill what is said, "You have given me the necks of my enemies." And had not Joseph his brother busied himself with him, would the others not have busied themselves with him? Is it not written, "And his sons carried him to the land of Canaan"? They said: leave his honor to be done by kings rather than by commoners. "And his sons did for him" (it is written in hint 685).

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Sotah 13aHebraic Literature (1901)

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.Project Gutenberg eBook #14368, Hebraic Literature · PD-US-pre-1929

Joseph's brothers had carried their father's coffin up from Egypt to bury him in the Cave of Machpelah. At the mouth of the cave, Esau was waiting.

"This grave is mine," Esau said. "Jacob already used his share when he buried Leah." The sons of Jacob argued back: their father had explicitly told them (Genesis 50:5), In my grave which I have digged for me in the land of Canaan, there shalt thou bury me.

"Where is the deed?" Esau demanded.

"In Egypt," they answered. And before another word could be said, Naphtali was running. The Book of Jasher says he was so light-footed he could run over ears of standing corn without crushing them. He flew back toward Egypt to retrieve the title.

Meanwhile, at the cave, Hushim the son of Dan was standing near the coffin. Hushim was deaf. He saw the crowd, saw the commotion, saw Esau gesturing, saw his grandfather's body sitting unburied in the sun. And he did not understand. He asked what was going on. Someone told him.

Hushim did not wait for the deed. He picked up a club and brought it down on Esau's head so hard that Esau's eyes dropped from their sockets and fell at Jacob's feet. And it is told (Sotah 13a) that as those eyes rolled against the coffin, Jacob himself opened his own eyes inside the coffin and smiled grimly. This is what Psalms meant (Psalms 58:10): The righteous shall rejoice when he seeth the vengeance; he shall wash his feet in the blood of the wicked.

And so Rebekah's prophecy was fulfilled (Genesis 27:45): Why should I be deprived also of you both in one day? Jacob and Esau did not die on the same day, but they were buried on it.

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Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Genesis 50:13Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Genesis

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Targum of Jonathan ben Uzziel, trans. J. W. Etheridge, London, 1862 · Public Domain

The funeral was supposed to be solemn. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan records one of the wildest scenes in all of midrash instead. "When his sons had brought him into the land of Kenaan, and the thing was heard by Esau the Wicked, he journeyed from the mountain of Gebala with many legions, and came to Hebron, and would not suffer Joseph to bury his father in the Double Cave" (Genesis 50:13).

Esau shows up at his twin brother's funeral with an army. His claim: the Cave of Machpelah belongs to him, not to Jacob's line. The brothers stand at the mouth of the tomb, armed and stalled, while Jacob's coffin waits.

Then Naphtali runs. The Targum had already identified Naphtali as the swift messenger who could reach Egypt and back (Genesis 49:21). Now it pays off. "Forthwith went Naphtali and ran, and went down to Mizraim, and came in that day, and brought the Instrument that Esau had written for Jakob his brother in the controversy of the Double Cave." The deed. The document. Proof that Esau had sold his share for a price years earlier.

Before Naphtali could return, Hushim son of Dan, who was deaf and had only just understood what was happening, drew his sword and struck off Esau's head. The Targum adds a haunting detail: Esau's head rolled into the cave and came to rest on Isaac's chest. The Wicked son returned to his father, after all. The sons of Esau buried the body. The sons of Jacob buried Jacob. And the family vault, at last, held both twins.

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