Parshat Balak5 min read

Moab and Midian Buried Their Hatred to Stop Israel

Hadad had once struck Midian on Moab's own plain. Now the elders sat at one table, because an ox was licking their field clean of grass.

Curated by Arthur · Told by Maggid ·
Table of Contents
  1. Blood Dried on the Plain of Moab
  2. Two Dogs Faced a Wolf
  3. His Power Is Only in His Mouth
  4. An Ox Licked the Field Clean

The elders of Midian sat down in Moab. The last time their people had met on this ground, a king named Hadad had struck Midian in Moab's own plain (Genesis 36:35). Blood had soaked that grass. The hatred had not been a rumor. It had a place.

Moab and Midian Buried Their Hatred to Stop Israel Click for full size

Now they shared a table, because something worse than an old enemy had come over the horizon.

Blood Dried on the Plain of Moab

Israel had just torn down Sihon and Og. Those were not small kings. They had armies and walls. They fell in a way that did not look like ordinary war. Moab watched the camp move and could not name the force inside it. Terror sat in the palaces. Who could match a people that seemed to be conquering the whole rim of the world?

So Moab sent for the elders of Midian. Not because they loved them. Because Moses had been raised in Midian. He had married there. He had kept flocks on Midianite stone. If anyone knew what kind of man he was, it was the house that had housed him.

The Midianites came. They sat in rooms they had once raided. No one pretended the old graves were forgotten. They only agreed that the graves would not matter if the new camp licked the country clean.

Two Dogs Faced a Wolf

An elder of Midian put the matter in a picture, because a picture would travel farther than a speech about fear.

Two dogs despised each other. Each kept his corner. Neither would share the yard. Then a wolf took one of them by the throat. The other dog stopped and reasoned: if I do not help my enemy today, the wolf will kill him, and tomorrow those same jaws will close on me. Better a living enemy, whom I know how to fight when the wolf is gone, than a dead one who leaves me alone at the edge of the pack.

The dogs sided together against the wolf.

That is what Israel looked like from the table. Not a border raid. A wolf. Sihon was gone. Og was gone. The camp kept coming. Ancient hatred bowed, not because it had healed, but because each nation feared it was next.

His Power Is Only in His Mouth

Moab asked the question it had crossed a feud to ask. "Their leader was raised among you. What is his character? By what power does he conquer?"

The elders of Midian did not speak of swords. "His power is only in his mouth." Not iron. Not numbers. The word he speaks and the prayer he lifts. This nation carries neither sword nor spear the way other nations do. They overcome with speech.

Moab heard it and drew the only lesson it wanted. "If his might is in his mouth, then we will bring against them a man whose strength is in his mouth." The road opened toward Balaam of Pethor, a prophet hired to answer prayer with curse, mouth against mouth.

It was in that same hour of fear that they set a crown on Balak son of Zippor. He was never fit to be a king. The moment demanded a leader against Israel, so they crowned him because of the time, not because of the man.

An Ox Licked the Field Clean

Balak's message to the elders was not a war plan. It was a picture of hunger. "This assembly will lick clean all our surroundings the way an ox licks the grass of the field" (Numbers 22:4).

An ox does not pick a soldier. It does not storm a gate. Its tongue takes the field in long even sweeps, blade after blade, until the ground is bare and there is nothing left to defend. Whatever an ox licks bears no sign of blessing after. So too, they said, whatever Israel takes leaves no remnant.

Just as the ox has its power in its mouth, so did this camp. Just as an ox gores with its horns, so this people had a second blow waiting after the tongue. The elders of Midian sat inside Moab's borders and heard themselves described as grass.

They had buried the feud to stop Israel. What they built instead was a hiring. Balaam would stand on the hills and try to do with his mouth what Sihon had failed to do with walls. The dogs had joined against the wolf. The wolf, as they would learn, did not live only in swords. It lived in a mouth they could not shut, and in another mouth they would pay to open.


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From the tradition

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5 sources

The texts behind this telling. Some cards carry a translation of the source; others are our own retelling of it, and each card says which. Every card links out to the original.

Midrash Tanchuma, Balak 3Midrash Tanchuma

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.Townsend 1989 translation of Midrash Tanhuma, S. Buber Recension · CC-BY

(Numb. 22:4:) “So Moab said unto the elders of Midian.” What is the relevance of [mentioning] the elders of Midian here? It is simply that they saw Israel conquering in a way that was not customary for conquerors. They said, “Their leader (i.e., Moses) was raised in Midian. Let us learn through them what his character is like.” The elders of Midian said to them, “His power is only in his mouth.” They said to them, “We also will bring someone against them who has power in his mouth.” (Numb. 22:4:) “So Moab said unto the elders of Midian.” Do you not find that the Midianites were at war with the Moabites? It is so stated (in Gen. 36:35), “[and Hadad ben Bedad,] who smote Midian in the plain of Moab, [reigned in his place].” Moreover, the hatred between them had existed from time immemorial. The matter is comparable to two dogs who were hostile to each other. [When] a wolf came against one of them, his companion said, “If I do not help him, [the wolf] will kill this [dog] today. [Then] tomorrow he will come against me.” Therefore Moab formed an alliance with Midian. (Numb. 22:4, cont.) “As the ox licks up [the grass of the field].” Just as the ox has its power in its mouth, so do they have their strength in their mouth. Just as everything an ox licks up has no sign of blessing, [so] also whatever these lick up have no sign of blessing. Just as an ox gores with its horns, [so] also do these gore with their prayer, as stated (according to Deut. 33:17), “and his horns are the horns of a wild ox, [and with them he gores the nations].”

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Bamidbar Rabbah 20:4Bamidbar Rabbah

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022 · CC-BY

Our story today, drawn from Bamidbar Rabbah 20, a section of the classical Midrash (rabbinic interpretive commentary), plunges us right into such a situation – a tale of Moabites, Midianites, a rising Israelite nation, and a king named Balak.

The setup? The Israelites, fresh off victories, are causing major anxiety for their neighbors. As (Numbers 22:4) tells us, "Moab said to the elders of Midian: Now this assembly will lick clean all our surroundings, as the ox licks clean the grass of the field."

Wait a minute. Why are the elders of Midian even there, in Moab? That’s the first question the Midrash asks. Aren't these two groups usually at odds?

Bamidbar Rabbah suggests they were witnessing something extraordinary: Israel's seemingly unnatural victories. The Moabites, spooked, figured the Midianites, who had previous dealings with Moses, might have some insight into what made the Israelite leader tick. "Their leader achieved prominence in Midian," they reasoned, "we will ascertain from them what are his attributes."

And what did the Midianite elders reveal? "His power is only in his mouth." In other words, they believed Moses's strength lay in his ability to speak, to command, to perhaps even… pray. This is crucial.

But here's where it gets really interesting. The Midrash throws us a curveball: "Moab said to the elders of Midian – but do you not find that the Midyanites waged war against the Moavites, as it is stated: 'Who smote Midyan in the field of Moav' (Genesis 36:35), and the enmity between them is permanent." So why the sudden collaboration?

The Midrash offers a vivid analogy: two dogs fighting. A wolf attacks one, and the other dog realizes, "If I don't help him, the wolf will finish him off today and come for me tomorrow." Self-preservation trumps old rivalries. That fear, that common threat, forced Moab and Midian into an uneasy alliance.

The "licking clean" imagery is fascinating. The Moabites fear Israel will consume everything around them, like an ox devouring grass. But the Midrash takes it a step further: "just as the ox, its might is in its mouth, so, too, these, their power is in their mouths." Remember what the Midianite elders said about Moses? The Israelites’ power, according to this interpretation, wasn't just military; it was spiritual. It was in their prayers, their pronouncements, their very words.

And the ox imagery continues. "Just as the ox, in everything that it licks clean there will be no sign of blessing; these too, in every nation that they touch, there will be no sign of blessing." A bleak prophecy, suggesting that Israel's influence might leave a lasting, perhaps negative, impact on other nations. Furthermore, "Just as an ox gores with its horns; these, too gore with their prayers, as it is stated: 'And his horns are the horns of the wild ox' (Deuteronomy 33:17)." Their prayers, their connection to the Divine, are a force to be reckoned with.

Finally, the Midrash touches on Balak himself. (Numbers 22:4) identifies him as "Balak son of Tzipor," king of Moab. But was he always king? (Joshua 13:21) mentions him as a prince of Midian. Bamidbar Rabbah addresses this apparent contradiction. Drawing on other Midrashic sources, like Bamidbar Rabbah 20:25, which mentions Balak as the father of Tzur's daughter, it suggests that Balak ascended to the throne after Sihon was killed. The circumstances, the power vacuum, propelled him to leadership.

So, what do we take away from this Midrash? It's a story about fear, alliances of convenience, and the perceived power of a rising nation. It's about how those on the outside often misinterpret the source of strength within a community.

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Midrash Tanchuma Buber, Balak 4:2Midrash Tanchuma Buber, Balak

Translation of the source text.Midrash Tanchuma (Buber), Public Domain, on Sefaria · CC-BY-SA

"And Moab said to the elders of Midian" (Numbers 22:4). And do you not find that the Midianites would wage war with the Moabites? As it is said, "who smote Midian in the field of Moab" (Genesis 36:35). And the hatred between them existed from of old. A parable of two dogs who were hostile to one another: a wolf came upon one of them. His companion said: If I do not help him, today it kills this one, and tomorrow it will come upon me. Therefore Moab joined together with Midian.

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Midrash Aggadah, Numbers 22:4Midrash Aggadah

Translation of the source text.Midrash Aggadah (Buber), Public Domain, on Sefaria · CC-BY-SA

"And Moab said to the elders of Midian" (Numbers 22:4). When they saw that Sihon and Og had been slain, they were astonished and said: Who can by his strength subdue them or stand against them? And when they saw that they were vanquishing the whole world, they did not know wherein their strength lay. They brought the elders of Midian and inquired of them, and they said: This nation has neither sword nor spear, and all their strength is in their mouth, and they prevail over all the nations only with their mouth.

"Now will this assembly lick up all that is around us", for they did not wage war, but imposed forced labor upon them, and plundered all that they brought outside the city.

"As the ox licks up", and why an ox? To tell you: just as that which the ox licks has no sign of blessing forever, so Israel, all that they take, they leave no remnant or survivor.

"And Balak son of Zippor was king of Moab at that time", for he was not fit for kingship, but according to the time the Moabites made him king over them.

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Midrash Tanchuma Buber, Balak 4:1Midrash Tanchuma Buber, Balak

Translation of the source text.Midrash Tanchuma (Buber), Public Domain, on Sefaria · CC-BY-SA

(Numbers 22:4) "And Moab said to the elders of Midian." What is the nature of the elders of Midian here? It is simply that they saw Israel conquering in a manner unlike the way of conquerors. They said: Their leader was raised in Midian; let us learn through them what his character is. The elders of Midian said to them: His strength is only in his mouth. They said to them: We too will bring a man against them whose strength is in his mouth.

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