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Moses Was King of Ethiopia Before He Led Israel

At twenty-seven they put a crown on him he had not asked for. He kept Shabbat in that court for forty years, and he would not take the queen.

Curated by Arthur · Told by Maggid ·
Table of Contents
  1. The Crown He Did Not Want
  2. Each Man Brought a Bird
  3. The Queen Stood Up in Court
  4. Eat It Today
Moses Was King of Ethiopia Before He Led Israel Click for full size

The Crown He Did Not Want

Moses was twenty-seven when they set a crown on him in Ethiopia. He had not come looking for a throne. He had come fleeing Egypt after he killed the taskmaster, a man moving away from one kind of trouble into another. King Kikanos was dead. Aram and the children of the East rose against the Ethiopians as soon as they heard. The army that found Moses was already losing a war, camped under a city that would not fall.

They made him commander first. Then they made him king. He did not seize the chair. Soldiers who had no other answer put him in it.

On the seventh day of his reign the people gathered and asked what to do about the city they could not take. Moses stood and spoke as if the problem were ordinary. "If you will hearken to my words, the city will be delivered into our hands."

Each Man Brought a Bird

He sent a cry through the camp. Go to the forest. Fetch the young of the stork, each man one fledgling in his hand. Any man who refused would die, and the king would take all that belonged to him.

They went. They came back with small birds that did not yet know the air. Moses told them to rear the fledglings until they grew, and to teach them to fly as the hawk flies. Soldiers who had spent years under walls now spent months with birds on their wrists.

When the storks were grown, Moses led the army back to the city. The birds went first. The walls that had held against rams and towers had no answer for creatures coming from the air. The city that had laughed at siege engines opened because a foreign king had counted what lived in the forest.

He took that method into the field. He marched against the children of the East and subdued them. Then he turned on Aram and subdued them too. He governed with a hard fairness. The people loved him and feared him. He ate what he could eat. On the seventh day he stopped, even in a court that did not stop with him. He kept Shabbat in private while he wore a crown that was not Israel's.

The Queen Stood Up in Court

Forty years. Adoniah the queen sat before him on the day she had chosen, with the nobles around the throne, and rose to her feet.

"What is this thing which you, the people of Ethiopia, have done these many days?" she said. "Surely you know that during the forty years this man hath reigned over you, he hath not approached me, nor hath he worshipped the gods of Ethiopia. Now, therefore, let this man reign over you no more, for he is not of our flesh. Behold, Monarchos my son is grown up, let him reign over you. It is better for you to serve the son of your lord than a stranger, a slave of the king of Egypt."

The hall waited. Moses did not argue. He had not taken the queen. He had not bowed to their gods. He had not filled his mouth with their feasts on the day he kept shut. He left the throne the way he had accepted it, without stealing what did not belong to him. Adoniah's son took the seat. Moses walked out of Ethiopia toward Midian, and toward a bush that had not yet burned.

Eat It Today

Years later the wilderness floor was white. Manna (מן, the day's bread) lay on the ground, and the people did not know whether they could gather for tomorrow. Hands hovered over the portion. Some already thought of jars.

God had given a food that spoiled if you stored it past the day, except on the sixth day, when two portions kept. Moses looked at the camp the way he had once looked at a hungry court. He knew what a people do when they fear the next morning.

"Eat it today," he said. "For it is Sabbath today. Today you shall not find it in the field" (Exodus 16:25).

He said today three times. The camp ate. Morning. Afternoon. Evening. No jar for a fourth meal that was not there. The man who had told a foreign army when to fetch a bird and when to wait now told two million people when to close their hands.

He had kept one seventh day for forty years among people who did not keep it. In the wilderness he could stand over the manna and refuse the hoard because he had already practiced the stop. Eat it today. Not tomorrow. Not for a fear that had not yet arrived.


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From the tradition

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The texts behind this telling. Some cards carry a translation of the source; others are our own retelling of it, and each card says which. Every card links out to the original.

Legends of the Jews 4:106Legends of the Jews

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Legends of the Jews by Louis Ginzberg (1909) · Public Domain

Not just the Moses who led the Israelites out of Egypt, received the Torah, and spoke to God face-to-face. But a Moses who was also a conquering king in Ethiopia?

And maybe you're thinking, "Wait, where does that story come from?Because according to Ginzberg’s Legends of the Jews, this is exactly how the story goes.

When Moses was twenty-seven years old – quite a young age for royalty. – he became king over Ethiopia. And he reigned not for a fleeting moment, but for a full forty years! Forty years ruling a kingdom before the Exodus even began.

The story picks up on the seventh day of his reign. All the people of the kingdom gathered before their new king, seeking his wisdom on a pressing matter: how to conquer a particularly stubborn city they were besieging.

What would you do in that situation? Call for reinforcements? Devise a new battle strategy? Moses’s answer was… unexpected, to say the least.

He addressed the assembled crowd: "If you will hearken to my words," he declared, "the city will be delivered into our hands." So far, so good. Then comes the curveball.

"Proclaim with a loud voice throughout the whole camp," Moses continued, "unto all the people, saying: 'Thus saith the king! Go to the forest and fetch hither of the young of the stork, each man one fledgling in his hand. And if there be any man that transgresseth the word of the king, not to bring a bird, he shall die, and the king shall take all belonging to him.'"

Storks? Seriously?

And the instructions didn’t stop there. "And when you have brought them, they shall be in your keeping. You shall rear them until they grow up, and you shall teach them to fly as the hawk flieth."

Raise storks like hawks? And what exactly was the point? Why risk death for failing to procure a baby stork? What was Moses up to?

The text doesn't immediately tell us. We are left to ponder the strangeness of this command. Was it a test of loyalty? A divinely inspired strategy that only Moses understood? A symbolic act with a deeper meaning? We can only speculate, relying on other stories and commentaries to shed some light on this odd episode in Moses's life.

Perhaps the very act of caring for these creatures, teaching them to fly, fostered a sense of unity and purpose among the people. Or perhaps, in the interplay of Jewish legend, this seemingly strange episode serves to highlight the many-sided nature of Moses: not just a prophet and lawgiver, but also a shrewd leader capable of unconventional strategies.

Whatever the reason, it's a reminder that the stories we think we know often hold hidden depths and surprising twists, inviting us to look beyond the familiar and embrace the wonder of the unknown.

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Mekhilta Tractate Vayassa 5:14Mekhilta DeRabbi Yishmael

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.Mechilta, translated by Rabbi Shraga Silverstein · CC-BY

Moses spoke three words that carried immense weight: "Eat it today" (Exodus 16:25). He said it not once but three times in the same verse. "Eat it today, for it is Sabbath today. Today you shall not find it in the field." The repetition of "today" caught the attention of the rabbis, who found a legal ruling and a prophetic promise hidden in those three statements.

Rabbi Zrika derived from the triple "today" that Jews are obligated to eat three meals on the Sabbath. Each "today" corresponds to one meal: the Friday evening meal, the Shabbat (the Sabbath) morning meal, and the afternoon meal. This teaching became foundational in Jewish law. The three Sabbath meals, shalosh seudot (שלוש סעודות), are still observed to this day, and their origin traces back to Moses' words in the wilderness.

Rabbi Yehoshua found something even grander in the same verse. He read Moses' words as a conditional promise: if you merit observing the Sabbath, the Holy One Blessed be He is destined to give you three festivals. Pesach (Passover), Atzereth (Shavuot, the Feast of Weeks), and Succoth (the Festival of Booths). The three mentions of "today" correspond not just to three meals but to three future holy days.

This connection between Shabbat and the festivals is profound. Rabbi Yehoshua was teaching that the Sabbath is the root from which all other sacred times grow. If Israel proves faithful in observing the weekly rest, God rewards them with the annual cycle of pilgrimage festivals. Shabbat comes first. The holidays follow as its fruit.

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Legends of the Jews 4:113Legends of the Jews

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Legends of the Jews by Louis Ginzberg (1909) · Public Domain

Legends of the Jews turns to Ethiopia, Giving of the Torah.

One such tale, found in Ginzberg’s Legends of the Jews, tells of Moses becoming a king in Ethiopia.

In legend, word reached Aram and the "children of the East" that Kikanos, the King of Ethiopia, had passed away. Seeing an opportunity, these nations rose up in rebellion against the Ethiopians. But Moses, ever the leader, stepped forward. He gathered a mighty army and marched against these rebellious nations, subduing them first the "children of the East," and then Aram.

So, Moses continued to flourish in his adopted kingdom. He ruled with justice, righteousness, and integrity. The people, in turn, loved and respected him. For forty years, he reigned as their king, a stranger in a strange land, yet a beacon of fairness and strength.

But the story doesn't end there. In the fortieth year of his reign, a challenge arose from within. Adoniah, the queen, seated before Moses on his throne, addressed the court. Her words, as recorded in Legends of the Jews, were a direct challenge to Moses's rule.

"What is this thing which you, the people of Ethiopia, have done these many days?" she questioned. "Surely you know that during the forty years this man hath reigned over you, he hath not approached me, nor hath he worshipped the gods of Ethiopia."

A tense moment, wouldn’t you say? The queen, it seems, had been watching, waiting. She continued, her voice ringing with conviction: "Now, therefore, let this man reign over you no more, for he is not of our flesh. Behold, Monarchos my son is grown up, let him reign over you. It is better for you to serve the son of your lord than a stranger, a slave of the king of Egypt."

Wow. After forty years of devoted service, Moses's position was suddenly precarious. The queen’s words cut to the heart of the matter: he was an outsider, a foreigner. Would the people remain loyal to their adopted king, or would they turn to their own, to the queen's son, Monarchos? What happens next? Well, that's a story for another time. But this glimpse into Moses's "lost years" reminds us that even the greatest figures in our tradition have complex, many-sided stories. And that the themes of belonging, leadership, and loyalty are as relevant today as they were then.

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