The Targum Pseudo-Jonathan spells out one of the most practical laws in the Torah — what a man owes his victim when the victim does not die. "If he rise again from his illness, and walk in the street upon his staff, he who smote him shall be acquitted from the penalty of death; only for his cessation from labour, his affliction, his injury, his disgrace, and the hire of the physician, he shall make good until he be cured" (Exodus 21:19).
The Targum catalogs five distinct damages. The rabbis of the Talmud (Bava Kamma 83b) would later codify these as the famous five payments: nezek (injury), tza'ar (pain/affliction), ripui (medical costs/physician's fee), shevet (lost wages/cessation from labor), and boshet (humiliation/disgrace). The Targum lists them in almost the exact order the Talmud will systematize centuries later.
What a civilizational leap this is. Most ancient legal codes knew lex talionis — an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. The Targum understands that a retaliatory injury repairs nothing. Instead it requires the striker to pay for five different kinds of harm. The injury itself is one. The pain is another. The doctor's bills are a third. The lost work is a fourth. And — most remarkably — the humiliation is a fifth. The Torah recognizes that a beating damages a person's dignity, and dignity is a thing that can be owed and repaid.
The Targum's phrase walk in the street upon his staff is a tender detail. The victim has survived — but only just. He walks with a cane. He is visibly diminished. The law will not sentence the striker to death, because the victim lived; but the law will not let the striker walk away either. Five payments are owed, and none of them are optional.
The takeaway: justice is rarely symmetrical. The damage done in one second takes five categories and many months of payment to begin to repair.