How Noah's Sons Divided the Earth into Three

XXXI. (1) These are the generations of the sons of Noah: Shem, Ham, and Japheth. Children were born to them after the flood, for from Noah there came forth 72 families — from Japheth, 15; from Ham, 30; and from Shem, 27. And these 72 families were separated each according to his lineage in his own land, with their several nations, into 72 languages, the Hebrew language in Eber, the Egyptian in Egypt, the Greek in Greece, Latin in Eome, the Aramean in Syria, the Chaldean in Chaldea, etc. The nations which descended from Shem were 406, Britania, Qalabra, Tosqana, Luqa, Piqensa, etc. The whole earth was divided into three parts. (2) Shem, the eldest, chose his portion in the land of 'Asya (S'Dr), that is, the land of Persia, from Baqtris to Endiana, from the Persian Piiver until the Ocean in the west and the whole Piinos. They numbered 27 languages, and 406 peoples. Ham took his portion in the land of Afriqia, which comprises Aram, Hamath, and the mountain of Lebanon, in a well-watered land, until the Eed Sea and the Sea of Philistia, from Piinos as far as Gadaira. The number of their languages was 22, and that of the peoples 394. (3) Japheth chose his portion in the land of Eoropa (S£ii-ni^\s), that is, in the south from Media to Bodea (n5<nn), and their boundaries extended from the moun-

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tains of Taoro (nixo) and Mano 0^^^), in Syria and Sisilia, until the river Tanais (dn^o), until Gadaira, that is, the land of Eoropa (t^sinti^''^?, Europe). The number of their languages was 23, and that of their peoples 300. The land of Shem contained the river Euphrates; Ham, G(ih6n) which is called the Nile; Japheth, Hiddeqel (Tigris), in Media and Babylon. (4) The children of Japheth are Gomer, i.e., Gavathi (or Galathi, '•n5<^wS3) and Regini; Magog, i.e., Sqite {'W^) (Scythes), from whom arose Gog and Magog. These were the peoples which Alexander of Macedon enclosed in the Caspian Mountains; and from them arose the Guti (Goths), Pirati (^P^T?), Nordmani (^J?oi"|''ii), Bauveri (n^nixn), Langobardi, Saqsonei, Gasqonei. Madai are: Medi, Yavan-Gresi CT^.^), Armenei (>N''3>?D"ix), and Fransi CV^:"?). The river of the Gresi (^V-^f) is called Yoniu. Tubal are Iberi and Ispamia; Mesech are the Qapadoses (i^'Vnssf^). The name of the city was formerly Mesekhah (nsJi^^), and the royal city was Qapa- doqia (x^pnisp), now called Cpesarea (Kesari, ^"iDp), in the land of Kaftor; Tiras are Trases (t^V^^in). The children of Gomer were Ashkenaz, in the land of the Greeks, or Gresi (^vnj), Rifath (n^n) is Paflagronas (Paphlagonians) (C'yn^sS^ss). Togarmah are the Frezes (Phryges, ^'^jn?)). The children of Yavan were Elisa' (r::>''^5<), i.e., Eolides (t^"i''?li<^s), and they are one-fifth of the Greek tongue. Tarshish is Silisia (nsv^'p/p) — this is the Tarshish in the Book of Jonah — Kittim are Qipres (D'lQ^i?), Dodanim are Piodie (*^>nn). All these live from the mountain Amone (^MDJ<) and Taoro (^li^P), in Brittania, as far as the sea Oqeanos. [Eliezer the Levite thought fit to add here the chapter, from the beginning of Jossipon the Great's work, because it is similar to the above; and this is the very beginning of the Book of Jossipon.]

(6) And the children of Japheth were Gomer, Magog, Madai, Yavan, Tubal, Mesekh, and Tiras; and these are the names of the countries of the children of Yapheth who were scattered at the time of the dispersion. The children of Gomer were the Frankos (D^p3i2), who inhabited the

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country of the Frankos (Dip^ns), in the land of Fransehii (^j'pvnD), on the river Segna (xj^^^^O- Eiphath are the Britanos (Di^ona), who inhabit the land of Eiphtania (s^jnan), on the river Lira (ilo), Buz (Tin), Zakhukh ("]1dt), Ugar (iJix), and Tulmes (]'D^in). All of these dwell in the North, and the names of their lands are taken from their own names, and they live by the river Hetel (^nn); but Ugar, Bulgar, and Pasinaq live by the great river called Danube ('?-l^^), i.e., the Dunai (^^jn). (8) The children of Javan are the Greeks, who dwell in the land of Nsa (x^'j)i and Macedonia. (9) Madai, that is, Edalus i^l^r^), dwell in the land of Turkhan (jS^o or Kurasan IPli?).^ (10) Tubal are the Tuscans (\:?i?*fin), who dwell in the land of Tuscania, by the river Pisa (i^P^?); Mesech, i.e., the Saqsoni (>jDpD). (11) Tirus, i.e., the Eossi (^Dn); the Saqsni (^jL^pL") and the Iglesusi (^Dp^^^x) dwell by the river of the great sea. The Eossi dwell by the river Kio (or Kiva, nvd), which flows into the Gergan (|.sn^:) Sea. (12) Elisa, i.e., Alamania (n^jo^n), inhabit the mountains of lov and Sebtimo (iD^nnc'i iv); and from them arose the Lungobardi (nnai^j^), who came from the other side of the mountains of lov and Septimo (iD-nn::'! nv), and having conquered Italia, dwelt in it until this very day on the river Pao (uss), and Tisio ()^2y^); and from them again arose the Borgonia (i^^Jijna), who dwell by the river Eodano (ini-i), and the Bidria (i<nn^n), dwelling by the river Einos (Dijn), which flows into the Great Sea. And the rivers Tisio and Pio ()i^^^) iN^^^^'n) flow into the sea Venitiqia (x^p^j^^^n). (13) Tarshish, i.e., the Trkisiani ('':)N^DV"in), who accepted the law of the Macedonians; and from them come Trasos (Dii^nn). And it came to pass, when the Ishmaelites captured the land of Trasos, that its inhabitants fled to the land of Greece, and fought hence with the Ishmaelites in Trasos. (14) Kittim, i.e., the 1 2 N.B.— These words scarcely legible in the MS.

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Eomans, who dwell in the valley Kapania (5<^:2d), by the river Tiberio. Dodanim (D^iin), these are the Danisqi ('p:r^i"i), who dwell in the midst of the tongues of the sea, in the land of Danemarka (j^didji) and Asidania (? ^^^n^vs), in the Great Sea, who swore not to serve the Eomans, and they hid themselves in the midst of the waves of the sea; but they could not (withstand) them, for the power of Eome extended as far as the end of the isles of the sea. (15) And thus the Moraia (n\STiD), Bruti (^SDm), Sorbin (pn-no), Lusinin (pJViS), Liumin (pr^), Krakar ("i35<nD), and Bazimin (pnnn) are reckoned among the descendants of the Dodanim. They dwell by the seashore, from the border of Bulgar {i:"?)!) until Venitiqia (t^v^^^^^^) on the sea, and from there they spread as far as the border of Saqsni {^:^p^) to the Great Sea; they are called Isqlabi (u'?pD\s). Some say they are descendants of Canaan, but they trace their descent to the Dodanim (oonn). [Thus far the Hebrew of Josippon; from the next sentence beginning, 'And it came to pass when the Lord scattered,' etc., I shall copy in connection with Esau and the kings of Edom later on. Let us now return to the narrative of Jerahmeel.] (16) The children of Shem wereElam 'Elamitet (op^pW), Ashur, i.e., Assyria (J^n^P'X); Arpachshad, i.e., Qaldea (nx^ -i^p); Lud, i.e., Lydia (ni<n>S); and Aram, i.e., Syria Cy^^). The children of Aram were 'Us, where Job was born, Geter (nn^), Qarnani ('v^57i2), Menes (^T?;?). These dwell from the Persian Gulf until the Ocean. (17) The children of Ham were Cush, Misraim, Phut, and Canaan. Cush is called Ethiopia (nt<>srns); Misraim, Egypta (xtp?i^:!\s), Phut, Libia {^^'^'b); and Canaan the Land of Israel. The children of Cush were Saba, Havilah, Sabta, Ea'amah, and Sabtecha. The children of Eaamah were Sheba and Dedan. Sheba comprises the Sabeans, Arabians, and Indians (JS^rt^); Havilah, i.e., Getili {''^n';.); Sabta, i.e., Astabari (nn^L^'S); Sabtecha and Ea'amah I have not been able to find. From the children of Ea'amah (came) the Queen of Sheba, and Dedan is a nation to the east of Cush. (18) And Cush begat Nimrod. The begin-

ning of his kingdom was Babylon and Erekh, i.e., Edessa (SLvnvs, -j-is); Accad, i.e., the city of Nisibis (^'^3>rj). Kahiah, Selevqos gave to the city of Kahia the name of Selevqia (S'-piv^D); from this land came Ashm% i.e., Bel, the son of Nimrod. And Bel begat Ninus, who built the great city of Nineveh; and Eehoboth, i.e., the wide city; and Misraim begat Ludim, and 'Anamim, and Lehabim, and the rest I do not know, for a war broke out between Ethiopia and Egypt, and all these nations were ulti- mately merged into one, so that they could no longer be distinguished. [And I, Eliezer, the scribe, have heard that the Lehabim are the Flaminga (^i'^^'^'')? and their appearance is like blazing fire, as it is said, ' And their faces are the faces of torches.'] And Canaan begat Sidon, his firstborn, by whose name the city of Sidon is called; it is in the land of Phenise {^T^^P). The Hittites, Jebusites, Amorites, and Girgashites and Hivites were destroyed by the Israelites. 'Arqi, the city of 'Arqes (^'i?"!^), near Tripolis; Arvadi is the name of an island, Arvodios (::ni^nnx); Semari, i.e., Edessa, in the land of Syria; Hamathi built Hamath, i.e., Antochia. And the Canaanite boundary extended from Sidon, reaching as far as 'Azzah, and as far as Lesha, i.e., Qaliron (pi^bp). Its waters are warm, and flow into the Salt Sea. These are the sons of Ham, according to their families, their tongues, in their countries and provinces. (20) And Cush, the son of Ham, begat Nimrod, who was a mighty hunter in the land before the Lord. He caught men through his strength, and forced them to bow down to him, to make him a god, and to worship him. He therefore counselled the people to erect the city and the tower of Babel, where he established his kingdom, in order to rebel against God; and therefore, according to an ancient proverb, whosoever rebelled against the Lord was compared to Nimrod, the mighty hunter before God.