A Father's Duty to Redeem His Firstborn Son

Yalkut Shimoni on Torah 402:3

"Every firstborn of your sons you shall redeem" (Exodus 34:20). One who set aside the redemption money for his son and it was lost is responsible to replace it. From where do we know this? Rav said in the name of Rabbi Yonatan: "Every firstborn of your sons you shall redeem," and "they shall not appear before Me empty-handed" (Exodus 23:15)—just as there the heirs are obligated, so here the heirs are obligated. Our Rabbis taught: All the duties of a son that fall upon the father to perform for him—men are obligated and women are exempt: to circumcise him, to redeem him, to teach him Torah, to take a wife for him, and to teach him a craft. From where do we know about redeeming him? As it is written, "every firstborn of your sons you shall redeem." And where the father did not redeem him, he is obligated to redeem himself, as it is written "tifdeh" [you shall redeem], which may be read "tippadeh" [you shall be redeemed]. And from where do we know that a woman is not obligated [to redeem her son]? As it is written "every firstborn of your sons"—your sons, and not your daughters. Our Rabbis taught: If a man must redeem himself and his son, he takes precedence over his son. Rabbi Yehudah says: His son takes precedence, because his own duty falls upon his father, while his son's duty falls upon himself. Rabbi Yirmiyah said: All agree that where there are only five selas, he takes precedence over his son, for the duty of his own body is preferable. Our Rabbis taught: If one must redeem his son and make the pilgrimage festival, he redeems his son first and afterward makes the pilgrimage. Rabbi Yehudah says: He makes the pilgrimage first and afterward redeems his son, for this [the pilgrimage] is a duty that will pass [if missed], while that [the redemption] is a duty that will not pass. Our Rabbis taught: From where do we know that if a man had five sons from five wives, he is obligated to redeem all of them? As it is said, "every firstborn of your sons you shall redeem," for the Merciful One made it depend on the opening of the womb. "In plowing time and in harvest you shall rest" (Exodus 34:21). Rabbi Akiva says: It need not state plowing and harvest of the seventh year, for it already says "you shall not sow" (Leviticus 25:4). Rather, it refers to the plowing of the eve of the seventh year that extends into the seventh, and the harvest of the seventh year that extends into the year following. Rabbi Yishmael says: Just as plowing is optional, so harvest [here] is optional, excluding the harvest of the Omer, which is a commandment.

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