Why the Poor Person's Meal Offering Counts as a Soul

Yalkut Shimoni on Torah 447:2

(Leviticus 2:1-3) "And when a soul brings near a meal offering." Rabbi Isaac said: Why is the meal offering different, that Scripture says of it "soul"? The Holy One, blessed be He, said: Who is it whose way it is to bring a meal offering? A poor person. I credit it to him as though he had offered up his very soul before Me. And Rabbi Isaac said: Why is the meal offering different, that five kinds of preparation by frying are spoken of regarding it? It is like a king of flesh and blood for whom his beloved friend made a banquet, and the king, knowing that the man loves him, said to him: Make me five kinds of fried food, so that I may take pleasure from you. "And a soul" comes to include the anointed priest, that he may bring a freewill meal offering. For consider the argument: if an ordinary person, who does not bring an obligatory meal offering every day, nonetheless brings a freewill offering, then the anointed priest, who does bring an obligatory offering every day, surely should bring a freewill offering. But one might object on the other side; therefore the verse says "and a soul," to include the anointed priest who brings a freewill meal offering. The same applies to the congregation by similar reasoning, yet the verse teaches "and a soul": the individual brings a freewill meal offering, but the congregation does not bring a freewill meal offering. "Soul" — one might think this is a binding decree; therefore the verse says "when he brings near," [the form indicating] it is only a voluntary matter. "An offering of a meal offering" — from where do we learn that an individual may donate frankincense on its own? It is derived: just as a meal offering, which comes as an obligation together with an animal, also comes as a freewill offering by itself, so too frankincense, which comes as an obligation with the meal offering, may come as a freewill offering by itself; the word "offering" teaches that an individual may donate frankincense, not less than a handful. Likewise an individual may donate wine, not less than three log; and oil; and, from the word "offering," even a donation of wood, not less than two logs. Rabbi Tarfon said: just as we find with wine that what comes as obligation comes also as freewill, so too oil. Rabbi Akiva replied to him with the distinction of the cases. Rabbi Yose said: were I to read only "offering," I might think an individual may donate incense; but Scripture says elsewhere of the oil of anointing and the incense of spices, "according to all that I have commanded you they shall do" (Exodus 31:11) — the anointing oil and the spice incense belong only within. "A meal offering" — by a verbal link with "fine flour" said elsewhere (Exodus 29), just as the fine flour there is from wheat, so the fine flour here is from wheat: "fine flour shall be his offering," that he bring only from wheat. "His offering" — the individual brings a freewill meal offering, but partners do not bring a freewill meal offering; nor do two together bring wine, oil, frankincense, or wood, though they may donate a burnt offering and peace offerings, and in birds even a single bird.

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