"And he shall offer for his sin" (Leviticus 4:3) teaches that he brings the sin offering even after he has left office. Is this not a matter of logic? If the prince, who brings for an inadvertent act, does not bring his sin offering once he has stepped down, then the anointed priest, who does not bring for a mere inadvertent act, surely should not bring his sin offering after stepping down. Therefore Scripture says "and he shall offer for his sin which he sinned": it teaches that he brings his sin offering even after he has stepped down. One might think that if he sinned together with the community he brings a bull for himself, and this is logical, since the prince is set apart from the community and the anointed priest is set apart from the community; just as the prince who sinned by himself brings for himself, and who sinned with the community is atoned for with the community. But not so: for the prince is atoned for with the community on the Day of Atonement, whereas the anointed priest is not atoned for with the community on the Day of Atonement; therefore, since he is not atoned for with the community, he should bring a bull for himself. Scripture says "and he shall offer for his sin which he sinned." How so? If he sinned by himself he brings for himself; if he sinned with the community he is atoned for with the community. "A bull": one might think an old one; Scripture says "a young one." If young, one might think a small calf; Scripture says "a bull," so one of three years, in the view of the sages. Rabbi Meir says even one of four or five years is fit, but they do not bring the old ones out of respect. Rabbi Yosi the Galilean says: what does "and a second bull, a young of the herd, you shall take for a sin offering" (Numbers 8:8) teach? If to teach that they are two, it already says "and make one a sin offering and one a burnt offering"; so why say "a second bull"? To teach one of two years.
The Priest Brings His Offering Even After Office
Yalkut Shimoni on Torah 468:1
וְהִקְרִיב עַל חַטָּאתוֹ, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁמֵּבִיא חַטָּאת לְאַחַר שֶׁעָבַר. וַהֲלֹא דִין הוּא, וּמָה אִם נָשִׂיא שֶׁמֵּבִיא עַל שִׁגְגַת מַעֲשֶׂה אֵין מֵבִיא חַטָּאתוֹ מִשֶּׁעָבַר. מָשִׁיחַ שֶׁאֵין מֵבִיא עַל שִׁגְגַת מַעֲשֶׂה, אֵינוֹ דִין שֶׁלֹּא יָבִיא חַטָּאתוֹ מִשֶּׁעָבַר. תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר "וְהִקְרִיב עַל חַטָּאתוֹ אֲשֶׁר חָטָא", מְלַמֵּד שֶׁמֵּבִיא חַטָּאתוֹ מִשֶּׁעָבַר. יָכוֹל חָטָא עִם הַצִּבּוּר יָבִיא פַּר לְעַצְמוֹ, וְדִין הוּא, נָשִׂיא מוֹצִיא מִכְּלַל צִבּוּר, וּמָשִׁיחַ מוֹצִיא מִכְּלַל צִבּוּר, מַה נָּשִׂיא חָטָא לְעַצְמוֹ מֵבִיא לְעַצְמוֹ, חָטָא עִם הַצִּבּוּר מִתְכַּפֵּר לוֹ עִם הַצִּבּוּר וְכוּ'. לֹא אִם אָמַרְתָּ בְּנָשִׂיא שֶׁמִּתְכַּפֵּר לוֹ עִם הַצִּבּוּר בְּיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים, תֹּאמַר בְּמָשִׁיחַ שֶׁאֵין מִתְכַּפֵּר לוֹ עִם הַצִּבּוּר בְּיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים, הוֹאִיל וְאֵין מִתְכַּפֵּר לוֹ עִם הַצִּבּוּר בְּיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים יָבִיא פַּר לְעַצְמוֹ, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר "וְהִקְרִיב עַל חַטָּאתוֹ אֲשֶׁר חָטָא", הָא כֵּיצַד חָטָא לְעַצְמוֹ מֵבִיא לְעַצְמוֹ, חָטָא עִם הַצִּבּוּר מִתְכַּפֵּר לוֹ עִם הַצִּבּוּר. פַּר, יָכוֹל זָקֵן, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר "בֶּן", אִי בֶּן יָכוֹל קָטָן, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר "פַּר" (הַחַטָּאת), כֵּיצַד בֶּן שָׁלֹשׁ כְּדִבְרֵי חֲכָמִים. רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר אַף בֶּן אַרְבַּע וּבֶן חָמֵשׁ כְּשֵׁרִין, אֶלָּא שֶׁאֵין מְבִיאִין אֶת הַזְּקֵנִים מִפְּנֵי הַכָּבוֹד. רַבִּי יוֹסִי הַגְּלִילִי אוֹמֵר, מַה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (במדבר ח, ח) "וּפַר שֵׁנִי בֶן בָּקָר תִּקַּח לְחַטָּאת", אִם לְלַמֵּד שֶׁהֵן שְׁנַיִם הֲרֵי כְּבָר נֶאֱמַר "וַעֲשֵׂה אֶת הָאֶחָד חַטָּאת וְאֶת הָאֶחָד עֹלָה", אִם כֵּן לָמָּה נֶאֱמַר "וּפַר שֵׁנִי בֶן בָּקָר תִּקַּח לְחַטָּאת", בֶּן שְׁתֵּי שָׁנִים.