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Alexander Reached for Heaven and Sank Toward the Deep

Jewish legend makes Alexander bow before Jerusalem, ride hungry eagles toward the sky, then sink in a glass box with no bottom to find.

Curated by Arthur · Told by Maggid ·
Table of Contents
  1. The Conqueror Who Bowed at the City Gate
  2. The Eagles and the Edge of Sky
  3. The Glass Box and the Lightless Water
  4. The Two Edges He Could Not Claim

The Conqueror Who Bowed at the City Gate

Alexander had already taken most of the world. He had defeated Darius and stood in his place. He had marched through kingdoms without sleeping. Now he came to Jerusalem, and the city had not surrendered because the High Priest Jaddua had been waiting for a dream that would tell him what to do.

The dream came. Open the gates. Dress the priests in white. Go out to meet the army.

The procession walked out of the city in full priestly regalia, the High Priest at the front wearing the golden plate inscribed with God's name on his turban. Alexander's generals expected him to charge. Instead the conqueror dismounted. He walked forward alone and bowed before the man in white robes.

His officers were horrified. His own soldiers did not understand. One general asked afterward why Alexander, who accepted no man's superiority, had prostrated himself before a Jewish priest. Alexander answered that he had not bowed to the man. He had bowed to the God whose name the priest wore. He had seen this figure in a dream before the campaign began, and the dream had promised victory. What looked like submission was recognition. The god of the Israelites had already told Alexander he would win, and Alexander was returning the courtesy.

The Eagles and the Edge of Sky

After he had conquered what the earth offered, Alexander turned his eyes upward. He wanted the edge of the sky, the place where the air ran out and something else began.

He caught two great eagles and starved them for days, until their hunger was a kind of engine he could steer. Then he built a cage or throne of some kind, stood in it between the birds, and held meat fixed on a pole just above their heads, just beyond reach. The eagles beat their wings trying to reach the meat, and the beating lifted Alexander with them. Up and up, higher than any army could follow, higher than any map extended, the wind tearing at the cage, the ground falling away beneath him until the cold became unbearable and his eyelids froze.

He looked down. The earth below him was like a tiny circle in a vast sea of nothing, the great sea that ringed it shrunk to a thread of silver. He was a speck of ambition surrounded by air, and the air had stopped giving him anything to breathe.

He released the meat, and the eagles, suddenly free to drop, plunged after it and carried him down.

The Glass Box and the Lightless Water

The sky had refused him its secrets. Alexander turned downward. He had a glass box built, sealed, air-tight, and descended into the sea inside it. Down through the green, down through the dark, down through water that became pressure and then cold and then something else entirely. The glass held, and through it he watched the colors die one by one as he sank past the place where fish lived and past the place where light had ever reached. The sea closed over the box until there was nothing above him and nothing below.

Then he heard a voice.

An iron axe, the voice said, has been falling for seven years. It has not yet touched the bottom.

Alexander signaled to be pulled up.

The Two Edges He Could Not Claim

The world had two edges he could not claim. The sky ended in frozen darkness before heaven began. The sea had no floor that a living man could reach. He had conquered every human kingdom and could not conquer either direction of the infinite. The axe still fell somewhere beneath him, year after year, into a depth that did not answer to armies. What he had built would last only as long as men could agree to honor it, which Maccabees told everyone was not very long.


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From the tradition

Sources

4 sources

The texts this telling draws on, in full. Open a card to read inline, or expand it for a wider, quieter read.

The Book of Maccabees I 1:1The Book of Maccabees I

I Maccabees, a historical book not included in the Hebrew Bible but preserved as ancient Jewish literature, opens with a bang, dropping us right into the aftermath of Alexander’s reign. "And it came to pass, after the triumph of Alexandros the Makedonian, son of Philip..." So begins a saga of power, succession, and ultimately, rebellion.

Alexander, or Alexandros the Makedonian, as the text calls him, wasn't just a military genius; he was a cultural force, spreading Hellenistic ideas and influence across the lands he conquered. Imagine the world suddenly infused with Greek language, philosophy, and customs. Pretty world-altering. But here's the thing about empires: they rarely last forever. Alexander, in all his glory, died young, leaving his vast kingdom to be carved up by his generals. These weren't just peaceful transitions of power,. Think "Game of Thrones," but with more togas and fewer dragons.

I Maccabees meticulously lays out this chaotic period, detailing the rise of various dynasties, particularly the Seleucids, who eventually gained control over Judea, the land of the Israelites.

Why? Because the clash between Hellenistic culture and Jewish tradition is the tinderbox that lights the spark of the Maccabean revolt. The Seleucid rulers, particularly Antiochus IV Epiphanes (a name that ironically means "God Manifest"), weren't content with just ruling the land; they wanted to reshape its very soul.

Antiochus, in his arrogance, saw Jewish practices as backward and sought to impose Hellenistic ways upon the people. We’re talking about outlawing Jewish observances, desecrating the Temple in Jerusalem, and even forcing Jews to participate in pagan rituals. Can you imagine the outrage?

The tension builds, the pressure mounts, and the stage is set for a showdown. It's a story of faith, resilience, and the courage to stand up against overwhelming odds. It's a story that still resonates today.

So, as we delve deeper into the Book of Maccabees, remember that it's not just ancient history. It's a reminder that even in the face of seemingly insurmountable challenges, the human spirit, fueled by conviction and faith, can triumph. What does it mean to you to stand up for what you believe in, even when it's hard? That's the question I Maccabees leaves us to ponder.

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Antiquities XI.8Antiquities of the Jews (Josephus)

Alexander the Great conquered most of the known world by age thirty, but Josephus tells a story about the one city he did not need to take by force. When Alexander marched on Jerusalem after the siege of Gaza, the High Priest Jaddua was terrified. He had sworn loyalty to the Persian King Darius and refused Alexander's earlier demand for tribute and troops. Now the conqueror was coming to punish him.

Jaddua prayed. God spoke to him in a dream: open the gates, dress the priests in white, and go out to meet the Macedonian army. The next morning, the Jewish procession marched out of the city in full priestly regalia, white robes, the High Priest wearing the golden plate inscribed with God's name on his turban.

What happened next shocked everyone. Alexander, who had just sacked Tyre and Gaza, who was feared across Asia, fell on his face before the High Priest. His generals were baffled. Parmenion, his most trusted commander, asked why the conqueror of the world was bowing to a Jewish priest. Alexander's answer was extraordinary: before he had left Macedonia, he had seen this exact figure in a dream, wearing these exact garments, who promised him that God would grant him dominion over Persia. When he saw Jaddua, he recognized the man from his vision.

Alexander entered Jerusalem peacefully. He went up to the Temple and offered sacrifice to God according to the High Priest's instructions. They showed him the book of Daniel, which prophesied that a Greek king would destroy the Persian Empire (Daniel 8:21). Alexander was delighted and believed the prophecy referred to him. He told the Jews to ask for whatever they wanted. They asked for one thing: the right to keep their ancestral laws and an exemption from tribute every seventh year, since the Torah forbids farming during the shemittah (שמיטה), the sabbatical year. Alexander granted it all.

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Gaster, Exempla of the Rabbis No. 5 (1924)The Exempla of the Rabbis (1924)

There is an old rabbinic legend about Alexander the Great that the Ma'aseh Book and other medieval collections loved to retell. The sources are summarized in the 1924 anthology The Exempla of the Rabbis, compiled by the Romanian-British folklorist Moses Gaster, which gathers tales from the Book of Exempla and medieval manuscripts.

In one strange episode, Alexander wished to see the edge of the sky. He captured two great eagles, starved them, and tied meat above their heads just out of reach. He stood between them on some kind of cage or throne, holding the bait high. The eagles beat their wings upward, lifting him with them, striving always after the meat they could never quite catch. Up and up they flew, until the air grew bitter and the cold bit into the conqueror's face so sharply that his own eyelids dropped shut and he could climb no higher. The bright empire below had shrunk to nothing, and the heavens he had hoped to enter were still unimaginably far above. He signaled the descent.

Then Alexander wanted to see the floor of the ocean. He had a great glass box constructed, and men lowered him into the deep. He sank and sank, peering out through the glass walls at the water growing darker. Then he heard a voice. The iron of the axe has been falling for seven years already, and has not yet touched the bottom. The sea was unsearchable. Whatever he thought he was measuring had no floor.

He gave the signal and was hauled back up. This exemplum, preserved as number 5 in Gaster's 1924 collection, is not really a travel tale. It is a meditation on the limits of conquest. Alexander could reach the Indus and cross the Hellespont, but the sky and the sea were not his to own. The lesson the Rabbis drew is simple and sharp: the world-conqueror is still a small thing between a falling axe and a shivering eagle.

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Exempla of the Rabbis, No. 5Exempla of the Rabbis (Gaster, 1924)

Alexander the Great tied two eagles together with meat in front of them, so they fly upwards with him until his eyelids dropped from the cold. He then descends in a glass box to the depths of the sea, but hearing a voice saying: “The iron of the axe has been falling seven years already and lias not yet touched the bottom,” he gives it up and ascends.

5a. Alexander goes to the kingdom of Kasia, then to Karta- gena ruled by women. He is told that if he conquers it will be a shame to him and that if he is conquered the greater shame to him. He then goes to Afriki, is presented with food made of gold as he had only come for gold. He is present at a trial. A man finds a treasure in a field bought from another man, he wishes to return it to the former owner

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of the land, who refuses to accept it as he says that he sold the field with everything in it. The local king decides that the treasure shall be given as a dowry to the daughter of the one who is to marry the son of the other. Alexander is surprised for in his country the king would have confiscated the treasure and killed the owners. The local king then tells him that the sun shining and the rain falling over the country of Alexander is for the sake of the animals and not for that of the human beings.

6, In the time of Alexander the Ishmaelites claimed Palestine from the Israelites. Gaboha son of Pesisa asked permission from the Elders to plead the cause of the Jews. "If defeated you can say, that they had defeated the least among us, and if I win you say it is our Law that has won." He proved to them from the Law that Abraham had given gifts to the concubines and sent them away, thus the Ishmaelites had no claim.

6a. The people of Afriki claimed Canaan from the Israelites before Alexander. Gaboha, son of Pesisa pleaded their cause and he proved that Canaan having been declared a slave (Gen. 9, 25) the people belong to the master. He claimed on the contrary the amount of labour due which they had not rendered to the Israelites for so many years before the Israelites entered the land. They gave no reply after grace of three days and then left the country.

7, The Emperor (of Rome) said to Rabbi Joshua, the son of Hananya, "Why is your God described as as a lion, for any knight can kill a lion?" He replied: "He is likened to the lion of Debelai." He wanted to see this lion. At a distance of 300 miles it roared and all the women in Rome miscarried; at a distance of 200 miles the lion roared and the teeth of the men dropped out. The Emperor fell from the throne and the Rabbi prayed and the lion returned to its place.

8, The Emperor told Rabbi Joshua that he wished to offer a feast to God. The reply was, that he would not be able even to satisfy God’s army. He prepared for six months and the wind carried it away, then for another six months and the

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rain swamped it. These were the vanguards and so he gave it up.

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