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Nebuchadnezzar Blamed the Magicians Who Advised Him to Burn the Temple

Tell me what I saw, the king said, and then tell me what it means. Otherwise you have all been lying to me and you die this afternoon.

Curated by Arthur · Told by Maggid ·
Table of Contents
  1. He Would Not Tell Them the Dream
  2. The One Man Who Could Have Answered
  3. The Night Daniel Asked For
  4. The Statue and the Stone
  5. Jacob Had Seen It as a Ladder
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He Would Not Tell Them the Dream

Nebuchadnezzar had them all brought in on the same morning, magicians, enchanters, sorcerers, the Chaldean readers of signs, every one of them at once so that no man got in ahead of another and no man had time to prepare.

"I have dreamed a dream," he said, "and my spirit is troubled to know it."

They answered him in Aramaic, the way the court answered kings. O king, live forever. Tell your servants the dream and we will give you the interpretation.

"I know the dream," the king said. "If I tell it to you, you will hand me back a pile of lies and call it the interpretation. You tell me the dream. Then I will know the interpretation you give me is honest."

They tried once more with the same sentence. Let the king tell the dream to his servants and we will declare its meaning.

"I say to you, tell me," he said. "You say to me, tell us. You think you will talk at me until noon and then go home. One decree covers all of you. You have come in here to say false and rotten things in front of me until the situation changes."

The One Man Who Could Have Answered

Then the Chaldeans broke and told him the truth, which was worse than stalling.

There is no man on dry land who can do what the king is asking. No king, however great, has ever put this question to a magician. What the king wants is rare, and rare in that language means prophecy, and there is nobody left who can bring it in front of the king except the gods, and the gods do not live with flesh.

One of them pushed it further and said the thing out loud. "There is no other," the verse of their answer runs, and the word for "no other" is a hair away from the name Aaron. If you had one of Aaron's descendants standing here, they told him, he would put on the Urim and the Thummim and wrap himself in them and tell you your dream by dinner.

The king understood exactly what he had just been told, and it was the worst possible answer, because the men saying it had helped him arrange the fire.

He came up off the throne and blamed them for it in front of the whole court. "It was a beautiful house," he shouted. "It was a beautiful house, and you are the ones who advised me to destroy it."

The order went out that same hour. Every wise man in Babylon was to be killed. The soldiers started working through the lists, and on the list, filed under the training program the king had set up for the promising captives of Jerusalem, were four Judean names.

The Night Daniel Asked For

Daniel went to Arioch, the captain of the guard, and asked him a question nobody else had thought to ask. Why is the decree so urgent?

Arioch told him. Then Daniel went in to the king.

"Are you able to tell me the dream I saw, and its interpretation?"

"Yes."

"When?"

"Not thirty days," Daniel said. "Not twenty days. Wait for me one night."

He went home and told Hananiah, Mishael and Azariah what was happening, and the four of them stayed up asking heaven for mercy, and what they asked for was not only their own lives. Every magician in Babylon was under the same sword, and if Daniel failed they would all go together. He prayed for the men who had counseled the burning of the Temple.

The mystery came to him in a vision in the night. Before he ran to Arioch, before he asked for the audience, before anything, he stopped and blessed the God of heaven.

In the morning he stood in front of the throne and began by refusing the credit. I am not wiser than the Chaldeans, he told the king. This was never in reach of any man, and you condemned good men to death for failing to do what only God can do.

The Statue and the Stone

Then he described what the king had seen.

A figure, enormous, standing in front of him, and the brightness of it was hard to look at. The head was fine gold. The shoulders and the arms were silver. The belly and the thighs were brass. The legs were iron, and the feet were iron mixed with baked clay.

A stone broke off a mountain, and no hand cut it. It struck the figure at the feet and the whole thing came down. Gold, silver, brass, iron and clay ground together finer than meal on a threshing floor, and a wind took the powder and there was nothing left of any of it anywhere. And the stone grew until the earth underneath it was filled up with stone.

Nebuchadnezzar sat and listened to a prisoner describe the inside of his own head.

The gold is you, Daniel told him. After you, a lesser kingdom. After that, one of brass that rules everywhere. Then iron, which breaks everything it touches, and then the feet, iron mixed with clay, part strong and part brittle, which will not hold together any more than iron holds to clay. And in the days of those kings, the God of heaven will set up a kingdom that will never be destroyed.

The king got off his throne and put his face on the floor in front of a Judean captive.

Jacob Had Seen It as a Ladder

Generations before Babylon existed, a man on the run from his brother had slept in an open field with a stone under his head and been shown the same thing from the other side.

The ladder was set on the earth, and the head of it reached heaven, and the statue was set on the earth, and the statue was great. Angels went up and came down it. Two up, two down, and they were the angels of the four kingdoms, each one climbing his own rungs and each one standing lower on the ladder than the one before him, until the last of them was iron and clay and could not stand.

Above the whole thing, in the place the ladder was going, the Lord was standing over Jacob and speaking to him.


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The texts behind this telling. Some cards carry a translation of the source; others are our own retelling of it, and each card says which. Every card links out to the original.

Antiquities X.8-9Antiquities of the Jews (Josephus)

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.Antiquities of the Jews, trans. William Whiston · Public Domain

Nebuchadnezzar had a dream so terrifying that when he woke up, he could not remember what he had seen, only the dread it left behind. He summoned every magician, astrologer, and wise man in Babylon and demanded they tell him both the dream and its meaning. When they protested that no human could do such a thing, he ordered them all executed.

Daniel, a young Jewish captive of royal blood, heard about the death sentence. He asked the captain of the guard for time, then prayed to God. And God revealed the dream in a night vision. Daniel went before the king and explained what no Babylonian sage could.

The dream was this: a colossal statue with a head of gold, chest and arms of silver, belly and thighs of bronze, legs of iron, and feet mixed of iron and clay. Then a stone, cut without human hands, struck the statue's feet and shattered the entire figure to dust. The stone grew into a mountain that filled the earth.

Daniel interpreted it plainly. The golden head was Nebuchadnezzar's own kingdom. After him would come lesser empires, silver, bronze, iron, each powerful but declining. The feet of mixed iron and clay meant a kingdom divided against itself. And the stone? That was the kingdom God would establish, one that would crush all others and stand forever. Josephus notes that Daniel "did not only prophesy of future events, as did the other prophets, but also determined the time of their accomplishment."

Nebuchadnezzar was so astonished that he fell on his face before Daniel, a captive slave from a conquered nation. He showered Daniel with honors, made him governor of Babylon, and elevated his three companions Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah to positions of authority. These were the same men who had refused the king's food and thrived on pulse and water. Now they governed the empire that had destroyed their homeland.

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Bereshit Rabbah 68:14Bereshit Rabbah

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022 · CC-BY

Remember Jacob's famous dream? He's fleeing from his brother Esau, sleeps on a stone, and sees a ladder stretching to heaven, with angels ascending and descending (Genesis 28:12). Now, fast forward to the Book of Daniel. King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon has a disturbing dream about a colossal statue made of different metals (Daniel 2:31). What could these possibly have in common?

The Rabbis of the Bereshit Rabbah see a profound link. They read Jacob's "behold, a ladder" as an allusion to Nebuchadnezzar's "behold, a giant image." Jacob’s ladder “reaching the heavens” mirrors the statue’s immense height (Genesis 28:12, (Daniel 2:3)1). It's like the Torah is echoing through history, using similar imagery to convey a deeper message.

What about those angels ascending and descending? The Midrash (rabbinic interpretive commentary) interprets them as representing the angels of the "four kingdoms," those empires that would rise and fall, one after the other. Think of them as the spiritual representatives of earthly powers.

Notice something crucial: it says "ascending and descending," not "descending and ascending." The Midrash points out that they ascend – meaning each kingdom's rise is an ascent for its angel – but with each subsequent kingdom, the angel is positioned lower than the one before. Why this downward trajectory?

The answer lies in the composition of Nebuchadnezzar's statue. "That image, its head was of gold," the Midrash quotes from Daniel (Daniel 2:32). This, the Rabbis say, represents Babylon. daniel himself tells Nebuchadnezzar, "You are the head of gold" (Daniel 2:38). But then comes the silver, the bronze, and finally, the iron mixed with clay – each metal less precious than the last. As Daniel continues, "After you, will arise another kingdom, inferior to yours" (Daniel 2:39), and then, "And afterward a third kingdom, of bronze" (Daniel 2:39). The kingdoms that follow are depicted as increasingly flawed and vulnerable, ultimately symbolized by the statue's fragile feet, "some of them iron, and some of them earthenware – part of the kingdom will be strong, and some of it will be brittle" (Daniel 2:42).

So, what's the ultimate message here? Is it just a history lesson disguised as dream interpretation? I think it’s more than that. It’s about the fleeting nature of earthly power. Kingdoms rise, kingdoms fall. Empires boast, empires crumble. But what endures?

The Midrash finds the answer in the final verse: "Behold, the Lord was standing over him" (Genesis 28:13). This, they connect to Daniel’s prophecy: "In the days of those kings, the God of the heavens will establish a kingdom that will be eternal…" (Daniel 2:44).

Even amidst the rise and fall of empires, the dream reminds us of a promise, a kingdom that transcends earthly power, an eternal truth. Maybe that's why dreams, like Jacob's and Nebuchadnezzar's, continue to fascinate us. They remind us that even in the darkest of times, there's always a ladder reaching towards something higher, something lasting, something…divine.

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Midrash Tanchuma Buber, Miketz 4:4Midrash Tanchuma Buber, Miketz

Translation of the source text.Midrash Tanchuma (Buber), Public Domain, on Sefaria · CC-BY-SA

(Daniel 2:2:) "To tell the king his dreams. So they came and stood before the king." They all came so that not one of them would have any advantage over the others. He began to speak with them, as it is said, "And the king said to them: I have dreamed a dream, and my spirit is troubled to know the dream. And the Chaldeans spoke to the king in Aramaic: O king, live forever! Tell your servants the dream, and we will declare its interpretation" (Daniel 2:3-4).

Nebuchadnezzar said to them: I know the dream. If I tell it to you, you will tell me words of lies, and you will say, "This is its interpretation." Rather, you tell the dream, and then I will know that you are telling me its interpretation, as it is said, "But declare to me the dream and its interpretation" (Daniel 2:6). "They answered a second time and said: Let the king tell the dream to his servants, and we will declare the interpretation" (Daniel 2:7). Nebuchadnezzar said to them: I tell you, "Tell me," and you tell me, "Tell us." Thus you suppose that you will talk with me until noon and then go away. "That if you do not make the dream known to me, there is but one verdict for you" (Daniel 2:9). One decree I am issuing against you, and you shall be killed. "And you have prepared yourselves to speak lying and corrupt words before me" (Daniel 2:9): you have come in to speak words of falsehood before me, "until the time changes" (Daniel 2:9).

"The Chaldeans answered before the king and said: There is no man on the dry land who is able to declare the king's matter, inasmuch as no king, however great and mighty, has asked such a thing of any magician or enchanter or Chaldean. And the matter that the king asks is difficult, and there is no other who can declare it before the king except the gods, whose dwelling is not with flesh" (Daniel 2:10-11).

When the Holy Temple was standing, a person would seek a matter and inquire through the Urim and Thummim. When the God of the world dwelt with flesh, a person would seek a matter, and He would say to him: Go and inquire of Him. They said, "Its dwelling is not with flesh" (Daniel 2:11). "And the matter that the king asks is difficult (yaqqira)" (Daniel 2:11): prophecy is required, and "yaqqira" means nothing other than prophecy, just as you say, "And the word of the LORD was rare (yaqar) in those days" (1 Samuel 3:1). "And there is no other who can declare it before the king" (Daniel 2:11): "And there is no other" (ve-aharan), read it as "and Aaron" (ve-Aharon). They said to him: Had you one of the descendants of the children of Aaron, he would wrap himself in the Urim and Thummim and tell you.

"Because of this the king was angry and exceedingly furious" (Daniel 2:12). He was filled with wrath against them. He said to them: So beautiful was the Holy Temple, and you gave me the counsel to destroy it! Immediately, "and he commanded to destroy all the wise men of Babylon" (Daniel 2:12). The decree went forth thus, as it is said, "And the decree went out that the wise men were to be slain, and they sought Daniel and his companions to be slain" (Daniel 2:13). Rabbi Yose son of Rabbi Hanina said: "And they sought Daniel and his companions to be slain." Daniel began to say to Arioch, "Why is the decree so urgent from before the king? Then Arioch made the matter known to Daniel" (Daniel 2:15). Daniel said to him: I will show him the matter. "Then Arioch in haste brought Daniel in before the king" (Daniel 2:25). Nebuchadnezzar said to him: "Are you able to make known to me the dream that I saw and its interpretation?" (Daniel 2:26). Daniel answered him immediately and interpreted it for him.

But his son Belshazzar said to Daniel, when he came before him to interpret for him what the hand of the writing had inscribed, then he said to him, "Are you that Daniel who is of the children of the captivity of Judah?" (Daniel 5:13). Therefore Rabbi Yose expounds that Nebuchadnezzar too said to him thus: "Are you that Daniel?" (Daniel 2:26). Now did he not recognize him, that he said to him, "Are you that Daniel?" Rather, he said to him: Have you the power to tell me this thing? He said to him: Yes. He said to him: When? He said to him: Not in thirty days, not in twenty days, but wait for me one night. "Then Daniel went to his house and made the matter known to Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah, his companions" (Daniel 2:17), so that they would pray with him, as it is said, "to seek mercy from before the God of heaven" (Daniel 2:18). "Then to Daniel the mystery was revealed in a vision of the night. Then Daniel blessed the God of heaven" (Daniel 2:19).

In this world, prophecy was given to one in a thousand, but in the world to come prophecy will rest upon every person, as it is said, "And it shall come to pass afterward that I will pour out My spirit upon all flesh, and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy" (Joel 3:1).

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