5 min read

Daniel Recommended Executing Vashti and He Had His Own Reasons

Vashti would not walk into a hall where Daniel stood. He had read her father's ruin off a wall in Babylon, and he was not finished with her house.

Curated by Arthur · Told by Maggid ·
Table of Contents
  1. The Queen Who Would Not Come Out
  2. The Smallest Man on the Bench Speaks First
  3. The Appointed One
  4. The Wife Who Would Not Speak His Language
  5. The Oath He Made the King Swear
Daniel Recommended Executing Vashti and He Had His Own Reasons Click for full size

The Queen Who Would Not Come Out

The seven chamberlains came back from the women's house without Vashti. The wine in the great hall had been running seven days, the king had asked for one thing, that his queen walk in and be looked at, and she had sent back a refusal with no reason attached to it.

She had a reason. Daniel was standing in that hall.

Years before, in Babylon, he had stood in front of her father while a hand finished writing on the plaster, and he had read the writing out loud: the reign was counted, weighed, and already divided. Belshazzar was dead before morning. Vashti wore a crown that had come down to her through a house Daniel had watched end, and she would not put herself in a room where he could look at her.

There was the other thing. Daniel had spoken the Name of God over her, and her beauty had gone out of her face. The skin was marred. Whatever the princes saw when those doors opened, it would not be the queen the king had spent a week boasting about.

The Smallest Man on the Bench Speaks First

Ahasuerus laid the charge before seven princes: Carshena, Shethar, Admatha, Tarshish, Meres, Marsena, and Memucan. Each of them had come from a different country, and each of them ran a different part of the household. The animals belonged to Carshena, the wine to Shethar, the land to Admatha, the palace to Tarshish, the poultry to Meres, the bakery to Marsena. Memucan supplied whatever anyone inside the palace needed, and his wife kept the house.

His name sat last on the list because he ranked last, and that is exactly why he spoke first. A Persian court passing a death sentence began the vote at the bottom of the bench, and the Jews kept the same custom, so that the youngest judge would not sit there swallowing his own opinion after his betters had given theirs.

Memucan took the first word.

The Appointed One

He was not Persian. He had come out of Jerusalem, and Memucan was not the name he was born with. It means the appointed one, and the court had been calling him that for years without knowing what he had been appointed to do.

Memucan was Daniel. He had refused a Babylonian king's table and lived. He had gone down into a pit of lions and come back up. He had told a queen's father the hour his kingdom would end and been right about it. Now he stood in a hall of drunk noblemen holding the first vote in a capital case, and the woman on trial was the woman who could not stand the sight of him.

The Wife Who Would Not Speak His Language

Daniel had married a wealthy Persian. She kept one rule in her own house and never bent it. She spoke her own language and no other, to him, every day, for years. A man who could stand in front of any throne between Babylon and Susa and hold his ground sat down to supper with a wife who would not give him one word in his own tongue.

So when the question reached him, the question of what a queen's refusal would do to every husband in the empire once the story got out, Memucan did not have to imagine the house he was describing. His reasons were sitting at his own table, and they were personal.

The Oath He Made the King Swear

Memucan did not advise the king to put Vashti away. He recommended execution. The hangman, so that she could never do anything again, and a decree carried into every province making obedience the wife's duty. The other six endorsed it. Ahasuerus approved it.

Then Memucan did the thing that shows what he knew about kings. He made Ahasuerus swear, by the most solemn oath the Persians had, that the sentence would be carried out immediately. A king who sobered up and wanted his queen back would go looking for the adviser who had told him to kill her. Daniel wanted her dead while the wine was still in the room.

She was dead by then. The couriers rode out to a hundred and twenty-seven provinces with a law about husbands and wives, and buried in it was a clause nobody in that hall had asked for. A wife must speak the language of her lord.

Daniel had gotten an imperial decree out of an argument at his own table.


← All myths

From the tradition

Sources

4 sources

The texts behind this telling. Some cards carry a translation of the source; others are our own retelling of it, and each card says which. Every card links out to the original.

Legends of the Jews 12:39Legends of the Jews

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Legends of the Jews by Louis Ginzberg (1909) · Public Domain

Legends of the Jews turns to The Hidden Story of Vashti That the Rabbis Filled In.

One fascinating detail emerges about Memucan, one of King Ahasuerus' advisors. The text Yes, that Daniel – the one from the lion's den! According to this tradition, Daniel, now serving in the Persian court, played a significant role in Vashti's downfall.

Why? Well, it wasn't just about upholding royal authority. The Rabbis suggest a personal dimension to Daniel's advice to the king – specifically, his own marital woes. The text in Legends of the Jews, drawing on various Midrashic (rabbinic interpretive commentary) sources, suggests that Daniel had married a wealthy Persian woman who refused to speak his language. This personal experience colored his view of Vashti's defiance.

The animosity ran deeper than language barriers. There was a pre-existing feud between Daniel and Vashti, rooted in prophecy and dynastic downfall. According to Ginzberg's retelling in Legends of the Jews, Vashti harbored a deep-seated hatred for Daniel. Why? Because Daniel had prophesied the death of her father and the end of his reign.

And it gets even more dramatic. Vashti's refusal to appear before the king wasn't just a matter of pride, but a deliberate attempt to avoid Daniel. She simply couldn't bear to be in his presence. The text goes on to suggest that Daniel even used the power of the Shem HaMeforesh (שם המפורש), the explicit Name of God, to diminish Vashti's beauty! Talk about high stakes!

Driven by this potent mix of personal grievance and political strategy, Daniel advised King Ahasuerus not only to depose Vashti but to execute her. To ensure the king followed through without delay (and to protect himself from potential backlash), Daniel made Ahasuerus swear a solemn oath. This detail, found in various Midrashic sources, emphasizes the urgency and gravity of the situation. The Rabbis also emphasize the swiftness with which the edict was carried out.

Simultaneously, a royal decree was issued, emphasizing the wife's duty to obey her husband. And, with a clear nod to Daniel's own troubles, the edict specifically stipulated that a wife must speak her husband's language. Ouch! You can almost hear the collective sigh of relief (or perhaps exasperation) from the men of Persia.

So, what does this all mean? This story, woven from threads of Midrash (Jewish interpretive tradition) and legend, offers a fascinating glimpse into the complex motivations behind the characters we thought we knew. It forces us to ask: how much of history is shaped by grand narratives, and how much by the small, human dramas playing out behind the scenes? And how do our own personal experiences shape our perceptions of the world around us?

Full source
Legends of the Jews 12:38Legends of the Jews

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Legends of the Jews by Louis Ginzberg (1909) · Public Domain

He's just one of the seven princes of Persia mentioned in the Book of Esther (Esther 1:14), advisors to King Ahasuerus. But according to some fascinating Jewish traditions, Memucan was no ordinary courtier. He was, in fact, Daniel himself!

Yes, that Daniel, of the lion's den fame.

The Megillah (the Scroll of Esther) briefly mentions Memucan when King Ahasuerus seeks counsel on what to do with Queen Vashti after her infamous refusal to appear before him. Memucan steps forward with a stern warning – Vashti's actions could incite rebellion among all the women of the kingdom (Esther 1:16-20). It's a pivotal moment that sets in motion the events leading to Esther becoming queen and ultimately saving the Jewish people.

Why call Daniel "Memucan?" The Legends of the Jews, drawing on various Midrashic (rabbinic interpretive commentary) sources, explains that "Memucan" means "the appointed one." (Ginzberg, Legends of the Jews, Vol. 4). And why was he called that? Because, they say, he was designated by God to perform miracles and, yes, to bring about Vashti's downfall. He was God's instrument.

It's a pretty bold claim. That Daniel was secretly working behind the scenes in the Persian court, arranging events to fulfill a divine purpose.

And get this: The text highlights a curious detail. Even though Memucan was seemingly lower in rank than the other six nobles, he was the first to speak up. Why? Here's where Jewish tradition offers a glimpse into ancient legal practices. Apparently, both Persians and Jews had a custom of starting the death sentence deliberation with the youngest or least prominent judge. The idea was to prevent the junior members from being intimidated by the opinions of their superiors. (Ginzberg, Legends of the Jews, Vol. 6). So, Memucan spoke first, not because of his status, but because of his position in the pecking order of the council.

What does it all mean? Perhaps it's a reminder that appearances can be deceiving. That even seemingly minor players can have a significant role in shaping history. Maybe it's about the idea that God works in mysterious ways, using unexpected people and events to achieve divine goals. Or maybe it's just a fascinating story, layered with meaning and tradition, that adds another dimension to the familiar tale of Esther.

Whatever you take away from it, it's a potent reminder of the depth and richness of Jewish lore. And how even the smallest details can hold profound secrets.

Full source
Legends of the Jews 12:36Legends of the Jews

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Legends of the Jews by Louis Ginzberg (1909) · Public Domain

The familiar story centers on Ahasuerus, the king, and his ill-fated wife Vashti. But Ahasuerus didn't rule in a vacuum. He had advisors, powerful princes, whispering in his ear. And who were these figures?

That Ahasuerus presented his case against Vashti before the seven princes of Persia: Carshena, Shethar, Admatha, Tarshish, Meres, Marsena, and Memucan. Quite a mouthful. But These weren't just random names. Each name represented the prince's country of origin: Africa, India, Edom, Tarsus, Mursa, Resen, and…Jerusalem. Representatives from all corners of the known world advising the Persian king! (Whether this Jerusalem is the actual one, or another town of the same name, we can only speculate.)

Even more fascinating is that each name, was indicative of their office. It wasn’t just about where they came from, but what they did. Carshena had the care of the animals. Shethar? The wine. Admatha oversaw the land, while Tarshish was in charge of the palace. Meres took care of the poultry, and Marsena ran the bakery. And then there's Memucan, who provided for all the needs in the palace. The text even adds that his wife acted as housekeeper.

It paints a vivid image of the inner workings of the Persian court, a place where different cultures and skills converged. A reader can overlook these figures, focusing instead on the main players of the story, but these seven princes were clearly vital to the running of the empire.

So, the next time you read the Book of Esther, or hear the story retold, remember Carshena, Shethar, Admatha, Tarshish, Meres, Marsena, and Memucan. They remind us that even behind the grandest of narratives, there are always countless other players, each with their own story to tell, and their own role in shaping events. Their diverse backgrounds and specialized skills highlight the interplay of the ancient world, and the hidden hands that kept the wheels of power turning.

Full source
Esther Rabbah 4:8Esther Rabbah

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022 · CC-BY

“This day, the ladies of Persia and Media, who have heard of the queen’s deed, will tell it to all the king’s princes, and there will be no end [kedaiy] of humiliation and wrath” (Esther 1:18). These are the words of Memukhan, the adviser warning King Ahasuerus that Queen Vashti’s refusal to appear will embolden every noblewoman of the empire to defy her husband. The midrash fastens on the unusual word kedaiy, “no end” or “enough,” and the sages Rav and Shmuel read it as “deserving,” turning a phrase about scandal into a statement about justice. Rav said: the humiliation is deserving of this wrath, meaning Vashti’s disgrace earned the fury that fell upon her. Shmuel said the reverse: the wrath is deserving of this humiliation, that the king’s anger itself called forth her downfall.

Rabbi Ḥanina then supplies the moral ground for her fate. He recalls that Vashti was descended from Belshazzar, the Babylonian king who desecrated the sacred vessels of the Temple by drinking from them at his feast. As her father dishonored the holy Temple vessels, so the humiliation of Vashti is deserving of the wrath that became its result, the wrath that turned against her and led to her being put to death. The midrash thus reads the queen’s sudden ruin not as palace caprice but as a delayed reckoning: the contempt her house showed toward what was holy returned upon her own person, measure answering measure across the generations.

Full source