Parshat Bereshit5 min read

Four Rabbis Walked Into Paradise and Only One Walked Out

The marble looked like standing water. Akiva told them not to shout. Heaven does not forgive a lie about what sits in front of the eyes.

Curated by Arthur · Told by Maggid ·
Table of Contents
  1. Names at Every Gate
  2. Ben Azzai Did Not Come Down
  3. Honey Until It Came Back Up
  4. The Angel Who Sat
  5. Akiva Swallowed the Word

The marble looked like standing water. Akiva stopped the other three at the last gate, because he knew they would want to shout.

Four Rabbis Walked Into Paradise and Only One Walked Out Click for full size

They had climbed as far as the orchard they called Pardes (פרדס), the grove that is not a grove. Four sages, and the floor beyond the threshold shone so hard it seemed to move.

"Do not say water," Akiva said. "If you cry out that you are drowning, you have lied in a hall that will not let a liar dwell."

Ben Azzai nodded too fast, but Ben Zoma was already looking past him, and Elisha ben Abuyah did not nod at all. Then they went in.

Names at Every Gate

The climb was not a garden walk. Palaces stacked on palaces, and each gate had guards who threw themselves at a man who arrived with the wrong name in his mouth. Fire ran along the walls. Wheels turned in the air, and the rims of the wheels were crowded with eyes that did not blink.

Somewhere above them a throne waited the color of sapphire, the same throne the prophet Ezekiel had seen from a riverbank: fire inside fire, four faces on the creatures that carried it. Akiva had the names ready. He had learned them the way a man learns a password he will need in the dark. The others had learning enough to pass the first gates, but learning is not the same as a closed mouth. The orchard did not smell of fruit. It smelled of heat.

Ben Azzai Did Not Come Down

Ben Azzai went first because he always went first. Torah had eaten him so completely he had never stopped long enough to marry. He reached the height and looked the way a starved man looks at a table, and his chest stopped.

There was no fight to tell. He saw what a living body is not built to hold, and the body did the only thing left to it. They said over him that the death of the faithful is precious in God's sight, but a kind verse does not change the fact that the orchard kept him and sent no one back with a report. Akiva did not shout for him. Shouting was how you lost the next man.

Honey Until It Came Back Up

Ben Zoma looked and lived, which was worse. He came down the stairs talking, and the sentences were brilliant though they did not join. Students who had once brought him any question in the house of study now walked him back to his own door like a man struck on the road.

He had found honey and eaten past enough, so the overflow came out as madness. Part of him stayed at the marble, still arguing with the shine of it. The rest of him walked the lower world with that argument unfinished in his mouth. He could still quote, but he could not hold a thought long enough to sit down with it.

The Angel Who Sat

Elisha went higher. He did not die and he did not crack, but he understood, and the understanding was the wound.

In the inner court the angel Metatron sat at a desk, writing. In that court everyone stands. Only God sits. Elisha looked at the seated scribe, at the crown, at the pen moving, and a second throne assembled itself in his mind, fully formed. Two powers, not one.

He let it harden on the way down. He tore his own learning to pieces, and the sages stopped saying his name. They called him Aher (אחר), the Other. His student Rabbi Meir kept walking beside his horse on the Sabbath, though he stopped at the limit of the Sabbath boundary, taking Torah from a mouth he would not follow over the edge. The horse went on. Meir stood in the dust with the teaching in his ears and the teacher already gone past the line.

Akiva Swallowed the Word

Akiva came to the marble alone. The floor shone like a pool after rain, and his throat filled with the shout, but he held it down. He did not name water. He did not name a second god. He took the fire in through his eyes and left it there.

The gates opened behind him. Ordinary dirt found his feet, and he still had his name. Ben Azzai's body had stayed, and Ben Zoma's mind, and Elisha's name, but Akiva walked home with his mouth shut, which was the whole art, and the hardest one.


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From the tradition

Sources

6 sources

The texts behind this telling. Some cards carry a translation of the source; others are our own retelling of it, and each card says which. Every card links out to the original.

Chagigah 14bTalmud Bavli, Chagigah

Translation of the source text.William Davidson Edition - Vocalized Aramaic + William Davidson Edition - English · CC-BY-NC

This case is referring to words of Torah, while that case is referring to commerce. With regard to words of Torah, they were trustworthy; with regard to commerce, they were not. § The Gemara returns to the topic of the Design of the Divine Chariot. The Sages taught: An incident occurred involving Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakkai, who was riding on a donkey and was traveling along the way, and his student, Rabbi Elazar ben Arakh, was riding a donkey behind him.

Rabbi Elazar said to him: My teacher, teach me one chapter in the Design of the Divine Chariot. He said to him: Have I not taught you: And one may not expound the Design of the Divine Chariot to an individual, unless he is a Sage who understands on his own accord? Rabbi Elazar said to him: My teacher, allow me to say before you one thing that you taught me. In other words, he humbly requested to recite before him his own understanding of this issue.

He said to him: Speak. Immediately, Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakkai alighted from the donkey, and wrapped his head in his cloak in a manner of reverence, and sat on a stone under an olive tree. Rabbi Elazar said to him: My teacher, for what reason did you alight from the donkey? He said: Is it possible that while you are expounding the Design of the Divine Chariot, and the Divine Presence is with us, and the ministering angels are accompanying us, that I should ride on a donkey?

Immediately, Rabbi Elazar ben Arakh began to discuss the Design of the Divine Chariot and expounded, and fire descended from heaven and encircled all the trees in the field, and all the trees began reciting song. What song did they recite? “Praise the Lord from the earth, sea monsters and all depths…fruit trees and all cedars…praise the Lord” (Psalms 148:7–14). An angel responded from the fire, saying: This is the very Design of the Divine Chariot, just as you expounded.

Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakkai stood and kissed Rabbi Elazar ben Arakh on his head, and said: Blessed be God, Lord of Israel, who gave our father Abraham a son like you, who knows how to understand, investigate, and expound the Design of the Divine Chariot. There are some who expound the Torah’s verses well but do not fulfill its imperatives well, and there are some who fulfill its imperatives well but do not expound its verses well, whereas you expound its verses well and fulfill its imperatives well.

Happy are you, our father Abraham, that Elazar ben Arakh came from your loins. The Gemara relates: And when these matters, this story involving his colleague Rabbi Elazar ben Arakh, were recounted before Rabbi Yehoshua, he was walking along the way with Rabbi Yosei the Priest. They said: We too shall expound the Design of the Divine Chariot. Rabbi Yehoshua began expounding.

And that was the day of the summer solstice, when there are no clouds in the sky. Yet the heavens became filled with clouds, and there was the appearance of a kind of rainbow in a cloud. And ministering angels gathered and came to listen, like people gathering and coming to see the rejoicing of a bridegroom and bride. Rabbi Yosei the Priest went and recited these matters before Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakkai, who said to him: Happy are all of you, and happy are the mothers who gave birth to you; happy are my eyes that saw this, students such as these.

As for you and I, I saw in my dream that we were seated at Mount Sinai, and a Divine Voice came to us from heaven: Ascend here, ascend here, for large halls [teraklin] and pleasant couches are made up for you. You, your students, and the students of your students are invited to the third group, those who will merit to welcome the Divine Presence. The Gemara poses a question: Is that so? But isn’t it taught in a baraita: Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Yehuda, says: There are three lectures.

In other words, there are three Sages with regard to whom it states that they delivered lectures on the mystical tradition: Rabbi Yehoshua lectured on these matters before Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakkai; Rabbi Akiva lectured before Rabbi Yehoshua; and Ḥananya ben Ḥakhinai lectured before Rabbi Akiva. However, Rabbi Elazar ben Arakh was not included in the list, despite the testimony that he lectured before Rabban Yoḥanan.

The Gemara explains: Those who lectured and were also lectured to were included; but those who lectured and were not lectured to were not included. The Gemara asks: But wasn’t there Ḥananya ben Ḥakhinai, who was not lectured to, and yet he is included? The Gemara answers: Ḥananya ben Ḥakhinai actually lectured before one who lectured in front of his own rabbi, so he was also included in this list. § The Sages taught: Four entered the orchard [pardes], i.e., dealt with the loftiest secrets of Torah, and they are as follows: Ben Azzai; and ben Zoma; Aḥer, the other, a name for Elisha ben Avuya; and Rabbi Akiva.

Rabbi Akiva, the senior among them, said to them: When, upon your arrival in the upper worlds, you reach pure marble stones, do not say: Water, water, although they appear to be water, because it is stated: “He who speaks falsehood shall not be established before My eyes” (Psalms 101:7). The Gemara proceeds to relate what happened to each of them: Ben Azzai glimpsed at the Divine Presence and died.

And with regard to him the verse states: “Precious in the eyes of the Lord is the death of His pious ones” (Psalms 116:15). Ben Zoma glimpsed at the Divine Presence and was harmed, i.e., he lost his mind. And with regard to him the verse states: “Have you found honey? Eat as much as is sufficient for you, lest you become full from it and vomit it” (Proverbs 25:16).

Aḥer chopped down the shoots of saplings. In other words, he became a heretic. Rabbi Akiva came out safely. The Gemara recounts the greatness of ben Zoma, who was an expert interpreter of the Torah and could find obscure proofs: They asked ben Zoma: What is the halakha with regard to castrating a dog?

The prohibition against castration appears alongside the sacrificial blemishes, which may imply that it is permitted to castrate an animal that cannot be sacrificed as an offering. He said to them: The verse states “That which has its testicles bruised, or crushed, or torn, or cut, you shall not offer to God, nor shall you do so in your land” (Leviticus 22:24), from which we learn: With regard to any animal that is in your land, you shall not do such a thing.

They also asked ben Zoma: A woman considered to be a virgin who became pregnant, what is the halakha? A High Priest may marry only a virgin; is he permitted to marry her? The answer depends on the following: Are we concerned for the opinion of Shmuel? Shmuel says:

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4Q405 20-22Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice (4Q400-407)

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.Original JewishMythology.com adaptation from ancient manuscript references and scholarly summaries · Original Adaptation

The climax of the Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice arrives in the twelfth and thirteenth songs, when the text finally reaches the inner sanctum of the heavenly Temple. And encounters the divine chariot-throne (Merkavah, מרכבה). The language here is among the most intense in all ancient Jewish literature.

The chariot is alive. Its very structure speaks and sings. "The wheels of the wonderful chariot praise," the text says. "The cherubim bless the image of the throne-chariot above the vault of the cherubim." The throne itself radiates a fire that is simultaneously terrifying and beautiful, "like the appearance of fire", echoing (Ezekiel 1:27) but expanding the vision into a full sensory experience. Light, sound, and movement merge into a single overwhelming encounter with the divine presence.

The description includes details not found in Ezekiel. The "vestibule" of the divine throne has walls of living light. The floor beneath the throne shines "like the appearance of fire." Angelic beings move in and out of the fire without being consumed, recalling the burning bush that was not consumed in (Exodus 3:2). The entire inner sanctum is a world made of fire and light, where solid matter does not exist and everything is in constant luminous motion.

These passages are the earliest evidence we have for the Merkavah mystical tradition, the practice of meditating on the divine chariot that would later produce the Hekhalot (the heavenly palaces) literature and deeply influence Kabbalah. The Dead Sea community was not just reading about the throne of God. By chanting these songs on Sabbath mornings, they believed they were ascending to it. The songs were not descriptions. They were vehicles, liturgical chariots carrying the worshipper from the desert floor to the throne room of heaven.

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Heikhalot Rabbati 1:1Heikhalot Rabbati

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.Sefaria-hosted English translation · CC-BY

Said Rabbi Ishmael: What are those songs which he recites who would behold the vision of the Merkavah, who would descend in peace and would ascend in peace?

Heikhalot Rabbati opens with Ishmael's question on the songs of safe descent and ascent. The songs themselves are not listed in this line.

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Devarim Rabbah 6:4Devarim Rabbah

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022 · CC-BY

It explores this very idea, using a powerful chain of examples.

The sage Ben Azzai puts it plainly: "One mitzvah leads to another mitzvah, and one sin leads to another sin. So, how does this work?

The passage starts with a challenging scenario: war. “When you go out to war… and you see in the captivity [a beautiful woman]…” (Deuteronomy 21:10–11). The Torah acknowledges human nature, the potential for attraction even in the midst of conflict. But it also sets boundaries.

God, as the text interprets, says: "Although I permitted her to you, I said to you: 'She shall shave her head, and she shall grow her nails,' (Deuteronomy 21:12), so that she should not find favor in your eyes and you send her away.” In other words, there are steps you must take to ensure you're acting with restraint and respect.

Now, what happens if you ignore these precautions? What if you give in to impulse?

“If you did not do so, what is written thereafter? 'If a man will have a defiant and rebellious son'” (Deuteronomy 21:18). And it doesn't stop there. "And as a result of that, 'if there will be in a man a sin with a death sentence'" (Deuteronomy 21:22). A tragic escalation. One unchecked desire, one ignored warning, leading to increasingly dire consequences. The passage emphasizes: this shows that one sin leads to another sin.

Heavy stuff. But the flip side is also true! The text then beautifully illustrates how one good deed can spark a chain reaction of further goodness.

“If a bird's nest will happen before you” (Deuteronomy 22:6). This refers to the mitzvah of sending away the mother bird before taking her eggs or young, demonstrating compassion even in taking what we need. A seemingly small act. But what does it lead to?

As a result [of following this mitzvah], “when you build a new house [you shall make a parapet for your roof]” (Deuteronomy 22:8). Suddenly, we're talking about building safety, preventing accidental falls, protecting human life.

And as a [further] result [of following the mitzvah, you will have a vineyard, and] “you shall not sow your vineyard with diverse kinds” (Deuteronomy 22:9). This refers to the prohibition of kila'im, mixing certain seeds or plants, promoting order and respect for the natural world.

And as a [further] result [of following the mitzvah, you will have a field, and] “you shall not plow with an ox and a donkey together” (Deuteronomy 22:10). Again, the Torah teaches compassion, prohibiting the yoking of animals with unequal strength.

And as a [further] result [of following the mitzvah, you will have clothing, and] “You shall make for you twisted threads [on the four corners of your garment]” (Deuteronomy 22:12). This refers to the tzitzit, the fringes on a garment that serve as a constant reminder of God's commandments, a visual cue to live a mindful and ethical life.

Wow. From rescuing a bird to remembering God in our daily lives! This shows that one mitzvah leads to another mitzvah.

So, what’s the takeaway? Ben Azzai’s teaching, as presented in Devarim Rabbah, isn't just a nice idea. It's a call to conscious action. It suggests that our choices, big and small, have far-reaching effects. Are we creating ripples of goodness or unintended consequences? The power, it seems, is in our hands.

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Chagigah 14bHebraic Literature (1901)

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.Project Gutenberg eBook #14368, Hebraic Literature · PD-US-pre-1929

Four tannaim ascended into the Pardes, the orchard of mystical contemplation, and Rabbi Akiva warned his companions before they entered. "When you come to the pavement of pure marble, do not cry out, 'Water! Water!', for it is written (Psalm 101:7), He that uttereth falsehood shall not dwell in My sight."

The four were Ben Azzai, Ben Zoma, Elisha ben Abuyah (called Acher, "the Other"), and Akiva. Ben Azzai gazed and died. Of him Scripture says (Psalm 116:15), Precious in the sight of the Lord is the death of His righteous ones. Ben Zoma gazed and lost his reason. Of him Scripture says (Proverbs 25:16), Hast thou found honey? Eat only so much as is sufficient for thee, lest thou be filled therewith and vomit it.

Acher "cut the plants", he lost his faith and became a heretic. Only Akiva, the shepherd who learned Torah at forty, entered in peace and departed in peace. The Talmud (Chagigah 14b) uses this episode to warn that mystical ascent is not a game. The orchard does not welcome every visitor; it tests the soul that enters, and only the soul rooted in Torah and humility returns intact.

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Exempla of the Rabbis, No. 87Exempla of the Rabbis (Gaster, 1924)

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Exempla of the Rabbis, Moses Gaster (1924) · Public Domain

The mysteries of creation, the Maaseh Bereshit, were considered so dangerous that the sages restricted who could study them. The Talmud (Hagigah 14b) famously records the story of four sages who entered the Pardes, the "orchard" of mystical knowledge. Only one, Rabbi Akiba, emerged unscathed.

Before that famous incident, earlier sages had already demonstrated the power and peril of expounding creation's secrets. The Talmud records that when certain scholars began to teach publicly about the workings of the divine chariot, the Merkavah (the Divine Chariot) described in Ezekiel, fire descended from heaven. Not as punishment, but as confirmation: the teaching was so powerful that the spiritual world responded visibly.

The rule was established: the mysteries of creation may not be taught to more than one student at a time, and even then, only to a student who is wise and understands on his own. You cannot mass-produce mystical knowledge. Each student must be guided individually, because the same teaching that illuminates one mind can shatter another.

Rabbi Yohanan ben Zakkai once rode a donkey while his student Rabbi Elazar ben Arakh walked alongside and asked to hear some of the chariot mysteries. Rabbi Yohanan agreed. Rabbi Elazar began to expound, and immediately fire surrounded them and angels gathered to listen, as at Mount Sinai.

"If even the angels desire to hear these teachings," the sages concluded, "how carefully must we guard them from those who are not ready?"

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