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Haman Chose Adar and the Lot Swallowed Him

Haman cast lots through days, months, and fish signs until Adar looked empty, but the month he chose had already swallowed him.

Curated by Arthur · Told by Maggid ·
Table of Contents
  1. The Days Would Not Serve Him
  2. Adar Looked Empty
  3. The Fish Sign Turned Its Mouth
  4. Ahasuerus Heard the Warning
  5. The Children Refused Bread

Haman did not want a date. He wanted permission from the machinery of heaven.

He had hatred already. He had access to Ahasuerus. He had enough silver to make murder sound like policy. But he still cast the pur, the lot, searching days, months, and constellations for the opening where Israel stood unguarded.

The calendar refused to behave.

That refusal mattered because Haman wanted more than chance. He wanted the world to certify his hatred, to make the proposed slaughter look like timing rather than appetite. The lots kept answering with memory instead, and every memory pushed him toward a month he only half understood.

The Days Would Not Serve Him

One day after another rose against the plan.

The first day carried the covenant of day and night. The second shone with the righteous. The third remembered the Garden of Eden. The fourth held the sun that had stood still for Joshua. The fifth carried great creatures of the sky. The sixth carried the beasts. Shabbat belonged to Israel too openly for Haman to touch.

The lots were supposed to make the world cold and usable. Instead, each day answered like a witness for the defense.

Haman kept going. Malice is patient when it thinks patience will look like wisdom. If the days would not open, perhaps the months would.

Adar Looked Empty

The months also carried merits, rescues, commandments, and memories.

Then Adar came up.

Haman saw what he wanted to see. Moses had died in Adar. Their teacher, their shepherd, their great defender before God, had left the world in that month. The sign looked perfect. A people without Moses would be easier to swallow.

He did not know the rest of the date.

Moses had also been born in Adar. The month that held his death also held his entrance. Haman looked at a grave and missed a cradle. He mistook completion for emptiness, and the lot he trusted had already begun to turn inside his hand.

The Fish Sign Turned Its Mouth

Haman tried the constellations and found fish.

That pleased him. Fish are caught in nets. Fish vanish into another creature's mouth. Israel would be taken like fish, he thought, helpless in his hand.

Then the image turned.

A heavenly voice, in the midrashic telling, answered the wicked man with the truth of his own symbol. Fish swallow, but fish are swallowed too. Haman had not discovered Israel's trap. He had found his own. The sign he read as capture would become reversal, exactly the movement Esther records when the Jews gained power over those who hated them.

The lot did not fail because it produced no answer. It failed because Haman could not read an answer that judged him.

Ahasuerus Heard the Warning

Haman still needed the king.

He pressed Ahasuerus day after day until the king gathered wise men from many peoples and languages. The proposal was placed before them: should the Jews be destroyed?

The council understood the danger more clearly than the king. They asked who had urged such a fatal step. They warned that the world itself stood for the sake of Torah studied by Israel. Sun, moon, dew, rain, day, and night were not independent ornaments. In their warning, creation's rhythm leaned on the covenantal life Haman wanted erased.

Ahasuerus heard them, but Haman's pressure did not stop. A court can receive true counsel and still choose poison when a powerful voice keeps pouring it into the royal ear.

The Children Refused Bread

Then the decree reached the study house.

Haman found Mordecai surrounded by twenty-two thousand children. They were weeping. He ordered them chained and planned to kill them before hanging Mordecai. Their mothers rushed in with bread and water, begging them to eat before death came.

The children refused.

They returned their sacred books to their teachers and chose fasting beside Mordecai. Their cries rose with the mothers' cries outside and the fathers' silent prayers. In the third hour of the night, heaven heard the sound of tender lambs.

That is where Haman's calendar truly broke. He had searched the heavens for weakness and found children chained to study. He had trusted fish, stars, days, and months, but the sound that reached God was not astrological. It was human, small, hungry, and faithful.

The lot swallowed him because he never understood what he was gambling against.


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The texts this telling draws on, in full. Open a card to read inline, or expand it for a wider, quieter read.

Legends of the Jews 12:108Legends of the Jews

It wasn't just a snap decision, that's for sure. According to the Megillah, the Book of Esther, Haman was very particular in his wicked plans. He didn't just pick a date out of thin air. He wanted the stars, or at least the lots, to align in his favor.

In Talmud, and retold beautifully in Ginzberg's Legends of the Jews, Haman sought to determine the most auspicious moment for his undertaking by casting lots. He consulted with his astrologers and advisors, seeking a day that would guarantee success. But The scribe, Shimshai, began to cast the lots, and each day of the week seemed to rebel against Haman's evil intentions.

It was deemed inappropriate, the lot refusing to comply, since it was the day God created heaven and earth. The very existence of creation, the story reminds us, depends on Israel's existence.! Without God's covenant with Israel, there would be neither day nor night.

Monday fared no better. The lot for Monday showed itself equally unpropitious for Haman's devices. Why? Because it was the day on which God separated the celestial and terrestrial waters. This separation, in the midrashic (rabbinic interpretive commentary) imagination, symbolizes the separation between Israel and the heathen nations. Monday, therefore, refused to cooperate in bringing about the ruin of Israel.

Tuesday, the day on which the vegetable world was created, also refused to give its aid in bringing about the ruin of Israel, who worships God with branches of palm trees. We find this association, of course, during the holiday of Sukkot (the Festival of Tabernacles), where the lulav, the palm branch, is central.

Wednesday, too, protested against the annihilation of Israel, declaring, "On me the celestial luminaries were created, and like unto them Israel is appointed to illumine the whole world. First destroy me, and then Thou mayest destroy Israel." A powerful image. Israel, like the stars, are meant to bring light to the world.

Thursday chimed in, saying, "O Lord, on me the birds were created, which are used for sin offerings. When Israel shall be no more, who will bring offerings? First destroy me, and then Thou mayest destroy Israel." So even the potential lack of sacrifices weighed in against Haman's plan!

Friday was unfavorable to Haman's lots because it was the day of the creation of man. And, according to the midrash, the Lord God said to Israel, "Ye are men." This echoes the sentiment that Israel embodies humanity at its finest, a concept found throughout Jewish tradition.

Least of all was the Sabbath day inclined to make itself subservient to Haman's wicked plans. It said, "The Sabbath is a sign between Israel and God. First destroy me, and then Thou mayest destroy Israel!" The Shabbat, the ultimate symbol of the covenant between God and the Jewish people, stood firm in its opposition.

Every day of the week, each representing a different aspect of creation and the covenant between God and Israel, refused to cooperate with Haman's evil plot. It's a evidence of the enduring connection between the Jewish people and the divine, a bond that even the most sinister intentions could not break.

So, what are we to take from this? Perhaps it's a reminder that even in the face of overwhelming odds, the universe itself might just be conspiring in our favor. Or maybe it's a lesson that even the most meticulously planned schemes can be undone by the power of faith and the enduring strength of the covenant. Whatever your takeaway, it’s a story that makes you think twice about the forces at play, seen and unseen, in our lives.

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Yalkut Shimoni on Nach 1054:8Yalkut Shimoni on Nach

The story of Haman, the villain of the Purim story, is full of them. And according to the Yalkut Shimoni, a compilation of rabbinic commentary on the Bible, Haman's plot to annihilate the Jews was almost foiled by… astrology? So, Haman, that infamous antagonist from the Book of Esther, wants to wipe out the Jewish people. To find the most auspicious time for his dastardly deed, he casts the pur (פור), the lot. Rabbi Chama bar Chanina, as quoted in the Yalkut Shimoni, tells us that when the lot fell on the month of Adar, Haman was ecstatic. "Aha!" he thought. "This is the month Moshe, their teacher, died!" A lucky omen. But Haman didn't know the full story. He was unaware that Moshe was born and died on the 7th of Adar. It's like thinking you've caught a lucky break, only to realize you've completely misread the signs.

The Yalkut Shimoni continues with Rabbi Chama bar Chanina saying, "You are the lot of the children." Haman, persistent as ever, then tries casting lots for specific days, but nothing seems to work. Finally, he tries casting lots based on constellations, and bingo! The constellation of Pisces, the fish, comes up. Haman, gleeful, proclaims, "They are caught in my hands just like that fish!"

The text implies,! A heavenly voice retorts, "Evil one, they are not in your hands, you are in their hands! Just like this fish sometimes swallows and sometimes is swallowed, so too are you swallowed in their hands." Which, of course, is exactly what happens – "the opposite happened, and the Jews got their enemies in their power" (Esther 9:1). It’s a powerful reminder that what seems like a position of strength can quickly turn into one of vulnerability.

Why didn't the lots work for specific days? The Yalkut Shimoni goes through each day of the week, explaining why each one was unfavorable for Haman's plan. For example, on the first day, it didn't work, referencing (Jeremiah 33:25), "If not for my covenant of day and night, the ordinances of heaven and earth I have not appointed." The second day evokes (Daniel 12:3), "And the enlightened will be radiant." Each day holds a special significance that protects the Jewish people.

The text then moves on to the months. Haman tries each month of the Jewish year, but each one is protected by a special event or association. Nissan has the Passover sacrifice, Iyar the manna from heaven, Sivan the giving of the Torah. Even seemingly less auspicious months like Tamuz and Av have their reasons for being protected. Haman just can't catch a break!

The text continues, "In Tevet, its constellation is the goat (Capricorn), so it [is a reminder of], 'and the skins of the young goats' (Genesis 27:16)." In Shevat, the constellation is Aquarius, bringing up the merit of Moshe, "he surely drew [water]" (Exodus 2:19). Each month, a connection to the Jewish people and their history.

But the story doesn't end there! The Sages ask: What kind of tree did Haman want to use to build the gallows for Mordechai? According to this Yalkut Shimoni passage, Haman also cast lots to determine the type of tree.

He tries the grapevine, but it doesn't work, because the Jewish people are compared to a grapevine in (Psalms 80:9), "You brought a grapevine from Egypt." He tries the olive tree, but no luck, as (Jeremiah 11:16) states, "A verdant olive tree of notable fruit" represents the Jewish people. Apple, pomegranate, date palm, nut tree – all fail. Each tree is tied to the Jewish people through scripture.

He even tries the etrog (אֶתְרוֹג), the citron, along with myrtle and willow, but they are defenders of the Jewish people, seeking mercy upon them, as stated in (Leviticus 23:40).

Finally, he tries the reed. But the Holy One, blessed be He, says, "Fool, the Jewish people was compared to a reed, as it stands in the water and moves with every wind. Even though the water is hard, the reed stands in its place… Behold, the cedar is prepared for you from the six days of creation - 'on the tree that he/He prepared for him.'"

This passage from the Yalkut Shimoni reveals a fascinating layer to the Purim story. It's not just about a wicked man's plot, but about the ways in which fate, divine intervention, and the very fabric of creation conspire to protect the Jewish people. It reminds us that even when things look bleak, there are forces at work we can't see, and that even a seemingly random event like the casting of lots can be imbued with deeper meaning. So, the next time you hear the Purim story, remember Haman's astrological miscalculations and the trees that refused to cooperate. It might just give you a new appreciation for the hidden miracles all around us.

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Sifrei Aggadah on Esther, Midrash Panim Acherim, Version II 3:6Midrash Panim Acherim

[Esther 3:6] "And Haman sought to destroy all the Jews." He began casting lots, as it says, "he cast pur, that is, the lot." [He cast pur, that is, the lot. Rabbi Hama bar Hanina said: [God said,] "Are you casting the lot over My children?" He cast lots and it did not come up in his hand. He cast by the constellations, and the constellation of fish came up for him. He said, "They are caught in my hand like this fish." God said to him: "Wicked one, they are not in your hand. You are in theirs. Just as this fish sometimes swallows and sometimes is swallowed, so you will be swallowed by them, as it says, "it was reversed, that the Jews ruled over those who hated them" (Esther 9:1).

He cast pur for the first day and it did not come up, for it is written, "If My covenant with day and night were not so, I would not have appointed the laws of heaven and earth" (Jeremiah 33:25). On the second day: "the wise shall shine [like the brightness of the firmament]" (Daniel 12:3). On the third, the Garden of Eden was created. On the fourth: "Sun, stand still at Gibeon" (Joshua 10:12). On the fifth, the Ziz of the field was created (Psalms 80:14). On the sixth: "the cattle upon a thousand hills" (Psalms 50:10). On Shabbat, Israel keeps Shabbat.

Then he tried the months. In Nisan, the lamb of Passover. In Iyyar, the manna descended. In Sivan, the Torah was given. In Tammuz, "trouble shall not rise up a second time" (Nahum 1:9), and so too Av. In Elul, the tithe of cattle. In Tishrei, the festivals. In Marcheshvan, the Temple was built in the month of Bul. In Kislev, Hanukkah, and the work of the Mishkan was completed. Tevet's sign is the kid, and Scripture remembers "the skins of the kids of the goats" (Genesis 27:16). Shevat's sign is the bucket, by the merit of Moses, "and he also drew water for us" (Exodus 2:19). Adar is fish, to swallow them like fish.]

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Legends of the Jews 12:135Legends of the Jews

Legends of the Jews turns to How Haman Pressured Ahasuerus to Destroy the Jews.

In Legends of the Jews, he relentlessly pressured King Ahasuerus day after day to agree to his genocidal plan. Imagine the sheer persistence! Finally, Ahasuerus, maybe worn down, maybe genuinely curious, decided to convene a council. Not just any council, but a gathering of wise men from all nations and tongues. He presented them with Haman’s argument: shouldn’t the Jews be destroyed, seeing as they’re so different?

Can you picture that scene? The tension in the air must have been palpable. The wise men, these seasoned diplomats and scholars, had a lot to consider. And their response? It’s pretty epic, actually.

They began by asking a pretty pointed question: "Who is it that desires to induce thee to take so fatal a step?" In other words, “Who’s whispering in your ear, Ahasuerus? Because this is a terrible idea.”

But they didn't stop there. They went on to explain the cosmic implications of destroying the Jewish people. They said, “If the Jewish nation is destroyed, the world itself will cease to be, for the world exists only for the sake of the Torah studied by Israel."

Now, that’s a bold statement. The Torah, the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, is seen as the foundation of Jewish life and law. These wise men were saying that the entire world, its very existence, is tied to the study and observance of the Torah by the Jewish people.

They continued, “Yea, the very sun and moon shed their light only for the sake of Israel, and were it not for him, there were neither day nor night, and neither dew nor rain would moisten the earth.” Ginzberg, drawing from various Midrashic (rabbinic interpretive commentary) sources, paints a picture here of the Jewish people as absolutely essential to the functioning of the entire universe!

It's a powerful image, isn't it? That the natural world, sun, moon, rain, is somehow dependent on the existence and actions of a particular people.

And the wise men weren't done yet. They reminded Ahasuerus that while other nations are referred to as "strangers" by God, Israel is called "a people near to Him," and His "children." As we find in Midrash Rabbah, this special relationship carries with it certain responsibilities and protections.

Their final argument was a moral one: “If men do not suffer their children and kinsmen to be attacked with impunity, how much less will God sit by quiet when Israel is assailed God the Ruler over all things, over the powers in heaven above and on earth beneath, over the spirits and the souls God with whom it lies to exalt and to degrade, to slay and to revive." In other words, attacking Israel is not just attacking a people, it’s attacking God’s own family. And who would stand idly by while their family is harmed?

So, what do we take away from this? Beyond the fascinating glimpse into the behind-the-scenes machinations of a royal court, it’s a reminder of the profound connection between the Jewish people and the world, a connection that, according to these ancient texts, is absolutely vital. It makes you wonder about the weight of responsibility that comes with such a connection, doesn't it?

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Legends of the Jews 12:195Legends of the Jews

The familiar version gives us the happy ending, the costumes, the graggers (noisemakers), and the hamantaschen (three-cornered pastries). but the tradition turns to for a moment and look at the terror that gripped the Jewish world.

The Book of Esther tells us the basic plot: Haman, the wicked advisor to King Ahasuerus, plots to destroy all the Jews in the Persian empire. But the midrashim (rabbinic interpretive commentary), the ancient rabbinic commentaries, fill in the gaps, painting a truly terrifying picture.

Haman, gloating over his soon-to-be-victorious plan, makes sure the gallows he's building for Mordecai are just right. He’s so confident. Then, he goes to the Bet ha-Midrash, the house of study, where he finds Mordecai surrounded by twenty-two thousand Jewish schoolchildren, all weeping in despair. Twenty-two thousand! Can you picture that scene?

In Ginzberg's retelling in Legends of the Jews, Haman orders them all chained up. His plan? To kill the children first, then hang Mordecai. A truly despicable act.

Mothers, desperate, rush to the Bet ha-Midrash with bread and water, begging their children to eat, to have some sustenance before their impending doom. But these children, these innocent souls, refuse. "As our teacher Mordecai liveth," they say, "we will neither eat nor drink… but we will perish exhausted with fasting."

Imagine the scene: These children, clutching their sacred scrolls, hand them back to their teachers. "For our devotion to the study of the Torah," they lament, "we had hoped to be rewarded with long life, according to the promised held out in the Holy Scriptures. As we are not worthy thereof, remove the books!"

The cries of the children, the weeping of the mothers outside, the silent supplications of the fathers, it all rises to heaven. The Talmud (Megillah 16a) emphasizes the power of children's prayers, especially in times of distress. In the third hour of the night, God hears their collective voice. It’s a sound that cuts through the heavens.

According to the midrash in Esther Rabbah (7:6), God exclaims, "I hear the voice of tender lambs and sheep!" But Moses, our great leader, intercedes. He rises before God and says, "Thou knowest well that the voices are not of lambs and sheep, but of the young of Israel, who for three days have been fasting and languishing in fetters, only to be slaughtered on the morrow to the delight of the arch-enemy."

What does it mean that Moses, who lived so long ago, is still advocating for us? What does it tell us about the power of collective prayer, especially the pure, unfiltered prayers of children? What responsibility do we have to remember not just the victory of Purim, but the near-destruction, the terror, and the unwavering faith of those who came before us?

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Esther Rabbah 9:4Esther Rabbah

After he erected the gibbet, he went to Mordekhai and found that he was sitting in the study hall with the children sitting before him, with sackcloth on their waists, engaging in the study of Torah, and they were screaming and weeping. He counted them and found there twenty-two thousand children. He cast iron chains on them and deployed guards over them. He said: ‘Tomorrow, I will kill these children first and then I will hang Mordekhai.’ Their mothers were bringing them food and water and saying to them: ‘Our children, eat and drink before you die and don’t die hungry.’ Immediately, they placed their hands on their books and took an oath: ‘By the life of Mordekhai our master, we will not eat and drink, but will die while fasting.’ All of them began weeping loudly until their cries reached the heavens. The Holy One blessed be He heard the sound of their weeping approximately two hours into the night.At that moment, the compassion of the Holy One blessed be He was aroused, and He stood up from His throne of justice and sat down on His throne of mercy, and said: ‘What is that loud sound I hear that sounds like goats and lambs?’ Moses our master stood before the Holy One blessed be He and said: ‘Master of the universe, they are neither goats nor lambs, but rather the children of Your people, who are fasting today [and have already been fasting for] three days and three nights, and tomorrow their enemy seeks to slaughter them like goats and lambs.’ At that moment, the Holy One blessed be He took those letters that He had decreed against them that were sealed with mortar seals and He ripped them.4See Esther Rabba 7:14. He brought fear upon Aḥashverosh that night; that is what is written: “On that night [sleep deserted the king, and he ordered the book of records, the annals to be brought; and it was read to the king] (Esther 6:1).

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