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Levi Spoke of the Dawn of the World and What It Costs to Kill

Before Levi died, he told his children what Enoch taught him about blood. The rabbis who read Genesis 9 found the same teaching pressed into God's first law.

Curated by Arthur · Told by Maggid ·
Table of Contents
  1. The Old Man With a Sword Behind Him
  2. The Vision on the Mountain
  3. What He Learned From Enoch
  4. The Image in Genesis Nine

The Old Man With a Sword Behind Him

Levi had killed before he taught his children about the cost of blood.

That is the pressure beneath his deathbed speech. This is the man who walked into Shechem with Simeon after Dinah was violated, who killed every man in the city, who answered his father's horror with a question: should he have dealt with our sister as a harlot? When a man like that summons his children to tell them to choose light over darkness, he is not offering a clean slogan. He is speaking with a sword behind him and a priesthood in front of him, and the distance between those two things is the story of his life.

The Vision on the Mountain

While Levi was still young, feeding his father's flocks near Abel-Maul, he saw something. The spirit of understanding descended on him, and with it came a vision of the world as it actually was: all humanity corrupting its way, unrighteousness building walls, lawlessness enthroned. He was grief-stricken. He prayed for deliverance. Then he slept.

In the sleep, he found himself on a high mountain and the heavens opened. An angel told him to enter. He entered the first heaven, then the second, then upward through seven levels, each higher and brighter than the last. In the highest heaven he stood before God and received the priesthood. He was given the charge to execute judgment and righteousness in Israel. He came back from that vision knowing what his life was supposed to be for.

It was after this vision, the Testament of Levi records, that he and Simeon went to Shechem. The same hands that received the priestly charge killed the men of the city. The two facts do not cancel each other. They stand together in the same life, and Levi knew it.

What He Learned From Enoch

At his deathbed, Levi told his children what he had learned from the writings of Enoch. His descendants would sin against God. They would suffer punishment. Then God would raise up a new priest, to whom all the words of God would be revealed, who would execute true judgment in the world for many days. He was warning his children about a future that looked exactly like what he himself had done, the cycle of violence, priestly charge, and punishment, repeating down through generations.

He told them to hold to the fear of God with their whole hearts. Not as a comfort. As the only thing he had found that made the cycle survivable.

The Image in Genesis Nine

Bereshit Rabbah, commenting on Genesis 9:6, reads the verse about shedding blood and blood being shed through the image of God as the foundation of all subsequent law about murder. Rabbi Hanina finds within it the grounds for executing a murderer with one witness and one judge, without the usual procedural requirements. The verse carries such weight, he argues, that even the act of committing murder through an agent is covered. Even causing the death of a fetus.

The image of God is the value being protected. The verse says the reason blood demands blood is that God made the human being in his image. To kill a person is to damage the image. That is the architecture of the prohibition, not social contract, not fear of reprisal, but the intrinsic worth of the form that carries God's likeness.

Levi's deathbed teaching to his children was built on the same foundation. He had killed. He had been chosen for the priesthood. The priesthood was about protecting the image, about maintaining the boundary between what could be done and what could not, even when he himself had crossed it. The teaching was not hypocrisy. It was testimony from a man who knew the cost from both sides.


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The texts this telling draws on, in full. Open a card to read inline, or expand it for a wider, quieter read.

Testament of LeviTestaments of the Twelve Patriarchs

Levi, third son of Jacob and Leah, called his sons together when he knew his death was near. It had been revealed to him that he would die. When they gathered, he told them everything.

"I was born in Haran," Levi began, "and I came with my father to Shechem. I was young, about twenty years of age, when with Simeon I wrought vengeance on Hamor for our sister Dinah" (Genesis 34:25-29).

Then came the vision.

While feeding the flocks in Abel-Maul, the spirit of understanding fell upon Levi. He saw all humanity corrupting its way, unrighteousness building walls, lawlessness enthroned on towers. Grief-stricken for the human race, Levi prayed for deliverance. Sleep fell upon him. He found himself on a high mountain. The heavens opened.

An angel of God spoke: "Levi, enter."

He entered the first heaven and saw a great sea hanging in the void. He passed into a second heaven, far brighter, filled with boundless light. The angel told him: "Marvel not, for you shall see another heaven more brilliant and incomparable." When Levi ascended to the highest place, he would stand near the Lord, become His minister, and declare His mysteries to humanity.

The angel explained the structure of the heavens. The lowest heaven is gloomy because it beholds all the unrighteous deeds of men. It contains fire, snow, and ice prepared for the day of judgment. In the second heaven are the hosts of heavenly armies, ordained to execute vengeance on the spirits of deceit and Beliar. Above them dwell the holy ones. In the highest of all dwells the Great Glory, far above all holiness. Below that are the archangels, who minister and make propitiation to the Lord for the sins of the righteous, offering a sweet-smelling, bloodless offering. Further down are thrones and dominions, forever offering praise to God.

"When the Lord looks upon us," Levi said, "all of us are shaken. The heavens, the earth, and the abysses tremble at the presence of His majesty."

Then the angel opened the gates of heaven, and Levi saw the holy Temple. Upon a throne of glory sat the Most High, who said: "Levi, I have given you the blessings of the priesthood until I come and sojourn in the midst of Israel." The angel brought Levi back to earth, gave him a shield and a sword, and said: "Execute vengeance on Shechem because of Dinah your sister, for the Lord has sent me." Levi destroyed the sons of Hamor. When he asked the angel's name, the angel replied: "I am the angel who intercedes for the nation of Israel, that they may not be utterly smitten."

A second vision followed. At Bethel, after seventy days, Levi saw seven men in white garments. They said: "Arise, put on the robe of the priesthood, the crown of righteousness, the breastplate of understanding, the garment of truth, the plate of faith, the turban of the head, and the ephod of prophecy." One by one, seven angels vested him. The first anointed him with holy oil and gave him the staff of judgment. The second washed him with pure water and fed him bread and wine. The third clothed him in a linen vestment. The fourth girded him with a sash of purple. The fifth gave him a branch of rich olive. The sixth placed a crown on his head. The seventh set upon him a diadem of priesthood and filled his hands with incense.

"Levi, your seed shall be divided into three offices," they declared, "for a sign of the glory of the Lord who is to come." His descendants would include high priests, judges, and scribes. By their mouths the holy place would be guarded.

Isaac, grandfather of Levi, confirmed it all. He taught Levi the law of the priesthood: sacrifices, burnt-offerings, first-fruits, peace-offerings. He warned him especially against the spirit of lust, which would through Levi's descendants pollute the holy place. "Take a wife without blemish while you are young," Isaac counseled. "Before entering the holy place, bathe. When you offer sacrifice, wash. When you finish, wash again."

Levi foresaw a dark future: seventy weeks of priestly corruption, profaning sacrifices, making void the law, persecuting righteous men. The Temple would be laid waste. Israel would be scattered among the nations as captives.

But after the punishment, the priesthood would be renewed. "The Lord shall raise up a new priest," Levi prophesied. "His star shall arise in heaven as of a king, lighting up the light of knowledge as the sun lights the day. He shall shine forth upon the earth, and shall remove all darkness from under heaven. The heavens shall exult in his days, and the earth shall be glad. He shall open the gates of paradise and remove the threatening sword against Adam. He shall give the righteous ones to eat from the Tree of Life. Beliar shall be bound by him, and he shall give power to his children to tread upon evil spirits."

"Choose for yourselves," Levi told his sons, "either the light or the darkness, either the law of the Lord or the works of Beliar." His sons answered before the Lord: "We will walk according to His law."

Levi stretched out his feet on the bed and was gathered to his fathers at a hundred and thirty-seven years. They buried him in Hebron, with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

Full source
Legends of the Jews 2:28Legends of the Jews

He's surrounded by his children, his life's work laid bare before him. He’s not reminiscing about past glories, though. He's consumed by a vision of the future – a future where his own descendants will stumble and fall.

Levi, remember, is the father of the priestly tribe, the Levites. He carries a heavy burden, a profound responsibility for the spiritual well-being of generations to come.

In Legends of the Jews, Levi implores his children to walk in the ways of the Lord, to fear Him with all their hearts. But it’s not just a generic blessing. He reveals a prophecy, a warning gleaned from the writings of Enoch – writings that, sadly, didn't make it into the final version of the Hebrew Bible, but clearly held great weight in this tradition.

He knows, somehow, that his descendants will sin. They will transgress against God, and they will suffer the consequences. A grim prediction. But there’s a glimmer of hope. Levi foresees that God will eventually raise up a new priest, someone who will receive all the words of the Lord. It's a promise of redemption, a light at the end of a long, dark tunnel.

Then comes the pivotal moment. Levi presents his sons with a stark choice: "Choose, now, light or darkness, the law of the Lord or the works of Beliar."

Who is Beliar? He's often seen as a figure of darkness, a representation of evil, much like Satan. The contrast is clear: choose the path of righteousness, or succumb to the allure of wickedness. The choice, as always, is ours.

Their response is immediate and resolute: "Before the Lord we will walk according to His law." It's a powerful declaration, a commitment to uphold the covenant.

But Levi, ever the wise patriarch, seeks to solidify their promise. He calls upon witnesses: "The Lord is witness and the angels are witnesses, I am witness and ye are witnesses, concerning the word of your mouth."

And his sons, unwavering in their resolve, reply: "We are witnesses."

It's a solemn oath, a binding agreement witnessed by both earthly and heavenly beings. It's a moment of profound significance, a evidence of the power of choice and the enduring importance of faith.

What do you think? Does this story resonate with you? Does it remind us that even in the face of inevitable failings, the choice to strive for righteousness remains? It seems that even on his deathbed, Levi was trying to shape the future, to guide his descendants towards the light. And perhaps, through his words, he can guide us too.

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Bereshit Rabbah 34:14Bereshit Rabbah

The verse at the heart of this discussion is (Genesis 9:6): "One who sheds the blood of man, by man his blood shall be shed, as He made man in the image of God." Simple enough The first reading. But the rabbis of the Bereshit Rabbah, in section 34, unpack it with incredible depth.

Rabbi Ḥanina, for instance, sees this verse as the foundation for the laws given to the descendants of Noah – laws applicable to all humanity. He finds within it allowances for executing a murderer even with just one witness and one judge. Astonishing, isn't it? No need for the usual two witnesses, no prior warning necessary. According to Rabbi Ḥanina, this verse even covers situations where someone uses an agent to commit murder, or even for causing the death of a fetus! It's all there, compressed within those few words.

Then Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon chimes in, expanding the scope even further. He suggests that this verse applies even if someone strangles another person, even if the blood doesn't visibly flow. The point, it seems, is the taking of a life, regardless of the method.

Rabbi Levi offers yet another layer. What happens if a murderer escapes earthly justice? When will they finally face judgment? Rabbi Levi suggests that justice awaits in the Messianic era, when the Messiah – "the man," ba'adam – will come. A chilling thought: no one escapes ultimate accountability.

But it's Rabbi Akiva who delivers a truly powerful interpretation. He argues that shedding blood is akin to diminishing God's very image. Why? Because God created humanity b'tzelem Elohim, in His image. Taking a life is thus an assault on the divine.

This idea of diminishing God's image is then picked up in relation to procreation (Genesis 9:7), "And you, be fruitful, and multiply; teem on the earth, and multiply upon it." Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya argues that someone who chooses not to have children is, in a way, diminishing God's image. After all, weren't we commanded to "be fruitful and multiply" right after being told we were made in God's image?

Ben Azai takes it even further, claiming that refraining from procreation is equivalent to spilling blood and diminishing the divine image. Strong words, indeed!

Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya, ever the pragmatist, gently reminds Ben Azai that actions speak louder than words. (It's worth noting here that Ben Azai himself remained a bachelor his entire life, dedicating himself to Torah study.) Ben Azai responds that his soul yearns for Torah and that the world can be populated by others. A fascinating glimpse into a personal choice weighed against a perceived obligation.

So, what does all this mean? It highlights the profound value placed on human life within Jewish tradition. It's not just about the physical act of killing; it's about the deeper implications, the spiritual consequences, the impact on the very fabric of creation. It forces us to confront our own roles in upholding the sanctity of life, both literally and figuratively. And it leaves us pondering: How do we honor the divine image in a world that often seems to devalue it?

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