5 min read

Reuben's Repentance and the Brothers Who Sold Joseph

Reuben planned to rescue Joseph from the pit. He left before the caravan arrived and came back to find the boy gone.

Curated by Arthur · Told by Maggid ·
Table of Contents
  1. The Pit That Had No Water
  2. The Angel Who Sent Joseph to Dothan
  3. What Reuben Carried
  4. The Price Paid in Silence

The Pit That Had No Water

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Joseph arrived at Dothan wearing the coat his father had made him. His brothers saw him coming from far off and began talking about how to kill him. They called him the dreamer and said \"let us see what becomes of his dreams.\" Reuben talked them back from murder. \"Throw him in the pit,\" he said. \"Do not lay hands on him.\" He meant to come back alone and pull Joseph out, return him to Jacob without the others knowing. He left to do some task and did not return in time.

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A caravan of Ishmaelite merchants came through on their way to Egypt. Judah suggested selling rather than killing. The brothers took Joseph out of the pit and sold him for twenty pieces of silver. The caravan moved south. When Reuben returned to the pit, it was empty. He tore his clothes and said: "the boy is not there, and where do I go?"

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The tradition noticed that Reuben said where do I go, not what have I done. He was thinking about his father. He was thinking about returning to a man who had trusted him with the safety of his sons and finding no way to explain what had happened.

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The Angel Who Sent Joseph to Dothan

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Before any of this happened, Joseph had been wandering in a field outside Shechem looking for his brothers. He had been sent by Jacob from Hebron to check on them and had arrived at Shechem to find the place empty. A man appeared and asked what he was looking for. Joseph said he was seeking his brothers. The man told him they had moved to Dothan.

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That man was Gabriel. The identification was not casual. Gabriel in the tradition was the angel of divine message, the one who explained dreams and communicated what the divine will needed a human being to understand. He had directed Joseph not to safety but to the brothers who would betray him, and the tradition saw in this the signature of a providence that was already operating before anyone in the story understood what was being arranged.

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Joseph followed Gabriel's direction and found his brothers at Dothan. He arrived at the moment that would put him in the pit, then in Egypt, then eventually in position to preserve a family and a people through famine. The road to all of that ran through a field outside Shechem, through a man who was not a man asking a direction question.

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What Reuben Carried

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Reuben carried something into that day at Dothan that the other brothers did not. The tradition pointed to his sin at Bilhah, the concubine he had violated, an act that Genesis recorded in a single verse and then moved away from. That act had disqualified Reuben from the firstborn privileges he should have held. The double portion, the leadership, the priesthood: all of it was taken from him because of Bilhah. He knew what it was to have failed his father catastrophically, and he had been living with that knowledge when Joseph appeared on the road to Dothan.

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His plan to rescue Joseph was a rescue for himself as much as for his brother. He could not undo Bilhah. He could not reclaim the privileges he had lost. But he could bring Jacob's son back to him. He could do that one right thing in the long account of the wrong things, and he chose it deliberately.

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He came back to an empty pit. The brothers had not waited. Judah had moved while Reuben was away, and the transaction was complete before Reuben could reverse it. The Testament of Reuben, preserving the oldest traditions about Reuben's own account of himself, described the years of grief that followed: Reuben fasted and wept and mourned over what had been done in his absence, unable to tell his father and unable to undo it.

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The Price Paid in Silence

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The brothers dipped Joseph's coat in goat's blood and brought it to Jacob. They asked if their father recognized it. Jacob recognized it. He said a wild beast had torn Joseph to pieces. He tore his garments and mourned his son for days. His children gathered to comfort him and he refused comfort. He said he would go down to Sheol mourning his son.

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Reuben stood in that mourning family and said nothing. He carried the knowledge of what had actually happened through all the years Jacob grieved, through the famine that came, through the journey to Egypt and the strange encounter with the grain administrator who knew too much about their family, through the moment the Egyptian finally identified himself and they understood at last what Gabriel had been arranging in a field outside Shechem years before.

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From the tradition

Sources

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The texts this telling draws on, in full. Open a card to read inline, or expand it for a wider, quieter read.

Legends of the Jews 1:31Legends of the Jews

Take the story of Joseph, for instance. The familiar version gives us the highlights: jealousy, betrayal, slavery, imprisonment, and ultimately, triumph. But what about the in-between moments?

We pick up the story just after Joseph's brothers have thrown him into that pit. They’ve stripped him of his clothes, left him for dead, and gone off to… what? Have lunch? As if nothing happened?

Here’s a detail you might have missed: Joseph is naked in that pit. for a second. Humiliating, vulnerable, exposed. But according to Ginzberg's retelling in Legends of the Jews, God wasn't about to let Joseph suffer that indignity for long.

The merchantmen, who stumble upon him, find him in this state. So, God sends the angel Gabriel down to him. What happens next is pure Midrashic (rabbinic interpretive commentary) magic.

Joseph wore an amulet around his neck. Now, Gabriel enlarges that amulet until it miraculously becomes a full garment, covering him entirely. Imagine the scene! This small, personal object transforming into something that restores his dignity.

Now, here's where it gets even more interesting. As Joseph is led away with the Midianites, his brothers see him. They see him clothed. And they’re furious. They shout, "Give us his raiment! We sold him naked, without clothes!" They’re worried about appearances, about their story holding up. Hypocrites!

The Midianites, understandably, refuse. But they do offer the brothers a consolation prize: four pairs of shoes. A paltry sum, really, for the weight of their guilt.

But what about the garment itself? Joseph keeps it. According to Legends of the Jews, this is no ordinary piece of clothing. This is the same garment he wears when he arrives in Egypt and is sold to Potiphar. The same garment he wears when he's unjustly imprisoned. The same garment he wears when he finally stands before Pharaoh. And, incredibly, the same garment he wears when he rises to become ruler over all of Egypt! This single piece of clothing, born of divine intervention, accompanies him through every stage of his journey. From the depths of despair to the heights of power. It’s a constant reminder of God's presence, of the miracle that saved him, and perhaps, a symbol of the dignity that could never truly be taken from him.

It makes you wonder, doesn't it? What are the seemingly small, insignificant details in our own lives that might actually be holding profound meaning? What "amulets" do we carry, unaware of their potential to transform into something greater than ourselves?

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Book of Jubilees 33:6Book of Jubilees

Book of Jubilees turns to Reuben's Secret Sin Against His Father's Bed.

One such moment, a rather uncomfortable one found in the Book of Jubilees. Now, the Book of Jubilees isn't part of the standard biblical canon for most Jewish and some traditions, but it's a fascinating text that expands on the stories in Genesis. It offers a unique perspective on the lives of our ancestors.

Our story centers on Jacob, his son Reuben, and Bilhah, one of Jacob's wives.

Here's what unfolds, according to Jubilees chapter 33: Bilhah, seemingly unknowingly, finds herself in an intimate situation with Reuben. The verse reads, "and discovered that it was Reuben. And she was ashamed because of him, and released her hand from him, and he fled. And she lamented because of this thing exceedingly, and did not tell it to any one." The shame, the confusion, the immediate impulse to keep it a secret. Can you imagine the turmoil she must have felt?

Then, when Jacob returns and looks for her, Bilhah is faced with a terrible choice. She explains to Jacob, "I am not clean for thee, for I have been defiled as regards thee; for Reuben hath defiled me, and hath lain with me in the night, and I was asleep, and did not discover until he uncovered my skirt and slept with me."

The accusation is stark, and the consequences are far-reaching. The phrase "uncovered his father's skirt" is a euphemism; we see it used elsewhere in the Hebrew Bible to refer to incestuous relationships. Jacob, understandably, is furious. "And Jacob was exceedingly wroth with Reuben because he had lain with Bilhah, because he had uncovered his father's skirt."

The implications are enormous. This act, whether intentional or not (and the text leaves room for interpretation), has severe repercussions for Reuben's status within the family.

What's interesting is how this story is told. It’s direct, almost blunt. There isn't a lot of emotional exposition, leaving us to fill in the gaps. We're left to ponder the motivations, the uncertainties, and the long-term effects of this event on the family dynamic.

Why does this somewhat obscure passage matter? It reminds us that even in the stories we hold sacred, the people involved were flawed, vulnerable, and capable of making mistakes. It is a reminder that the human experience, with all its complexities and imperfections, is woven into the very fabric of our traditions. It humanizes the biblical narrative, making it all the more relatable.

The story of Reuben and Bilhah in Jubilees 33 is a challenging one, no doubt. But it's also a reminder that confronting these difficult stories can deepen our understanding of ourselves, our history, and the enduring power of the human spirit to navigate even the most turbulent waters. What do you make of this difficult story? What does it tell us about family, power, and the ever-present shadow of human fallibility?

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Legends of the Jews 2:3Legends of the Jews

When it comes to the Tribes of Israel, their names aren't just labels, they're prophecies, whispers of a future redemption woven into the very fabric of their identity. Each name, a little story. Each story, a piece of the puzzle of Israel's ultimate salvation.

The Legends of the Jews, that incredible compilation of rabbinic lore by Louis Ginzberg, unpacks these names, revealing their hidden meanings. It’s like cracking a secret code, isn't it?

Let's take Reuben, the firstborn. His name, Re'uven, comes from the Hebrew word for "to see." The Zohar, the foundational text of Jewish mysticism, tells us that Reuben's name signifies that God "sees" the affliction of His people. God sees our pain. That's a powerful thought.

Then there's Simon, or Shimon. His name echoes the Hebrew word for "hearing." God "hears" the groaning of Israel, a promise that our cries don't fall on deaf ears. We find this idea echoed throughout the Torah and the Prophets.

With Levi, we get a sense of divine closeness. Levi’s name suggests that God "joins" Himself to His people when they suffer. He doesn't just watch from afar; He's right there with us in the midst of the struggle.

But it's not all about suffering. Judah, or Yehudah, hints at gratitude. Israel will "thank" God for its deliverance. A reminder that even in the darkest times, hope and thankfulness should remain.

Issachar will be "rewarded" for its suffering with a recompense, suggesting that justice will ultimately prevail. Zebulon's name indicates that God will have a "dwelling-place" in Israel – a sense of divine presence and permanence.

Benjamin's name? A powerful image. God swore by His "right hand" to succor His people. It’s a strong image of divine protection and support.

And what about Dan? His name speaks of justice. God will "judge" the nation that subjugates Israel. There will be accountability.

Naphtali is a little sweeter. His name suggests that God bestowed the Torah upon Israel, and she drops sweetness like the "honeycomb." The Torah, a source of endless wisdom and delight.

Gad? The Lord gave manna unto Israel, and it was like "coriander" seed, a reminder of God's provision in times of need. As we find in Midrash Rabbah, the manna wasn't just food, it was a symbol of divine care.

Asher, whose name means "happy", reminds us that all nations will call Israel "happy" in the future.

Finally, Joseph. God will "add" a second redemption of Israel to the first – redemption from the wicked kingdom at the end as from Egypt in former times. The name Joseph, therefore, points towards a future, final, and complete redemption.

Isn't it incredible? These aren't just ancient names; they're a evidence of faith, resilience, and the enduring promise of redemption. They remind us that even in the face of adversity, there's always hope for a brighter future, a future where God's presence is felt, His justice is served, and His people rejoice. So, the next time you hear these names, remember the stories they carry, the prophecies they whisper, and the enduring hope they represent.

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Legends of the Jews, II. The Sons Of Jacob, Reuben's TestamentLegends of the Jews

In Legends of the Jews, a couple of years after Joseph's death, Reuben fell ill, sensing his time was near. He gathered his sons, grandsons, and brothers, ready to share his hard-earned wisdom. What follows is a deeply personal and cautionary tale.

"Hear, my brethren," he began, "and do ye, my children, give ear unto Reuben your father." He implored them, adjuring them by the God of heaven, to avoid the follies of youth, particularly the "fornications to which I was addicted, and wherewith I defiled the bed of my father Jacob." It’s a raw and honest admission. He doesn't shy away from his past mistakes.

He reveals the consequences of his actions: "For I tell you now that for seven months the Lord afflicted my loins with a terrible plague, and if my father Jacob had not interceded for me, the Lord had swept me away." Reuben was just twenty years old when he committed what he calls an evil act before the Lord, leading to a seven-month illness. He then spent seven years in deep penance, abstaining from wine, meat, and delicacies, consumed by his remorse.

What drove him to this point?

Reuben warns against the "seven tempter spirits": fornication, gluttony, strife, love of admiration, arrogance, falsehood, and injustice. He focuses especially on unchastity. "Pay no heed to the glances of a woman, and remain not alone with a married woman, and do not occupy yourselves with the affairs of women." It's a stark warning rooted in his own experience.

He then recounts the specific incident, a moment of weakness that haunted him. "Had I not seen Bilhah bathe in a secluded spot, I had not fallen into the great sin I committed." He explains that his thoughts, once fixated on her nakedness, consumed him until he acted. The story goes that while the family sojourned near Bethlehem, Bilhah, drunken with wine, lay asleep, uncovered, in her chamber. Reuben entered, saw her nakedness, committed the sin, and left.

An angel, according to Legends of the Jews, immediately revealed Reuben's transgression to his father, Jacob. Jacob mourned, never again approaching Bilhah. Reuben, filled with shame, couldn't even look his father in the eye or speak of the incident to his brothers. Even on his deathbed, "my conscience tortures me on account of my sin," he confessed.

Yet, there's a glimmer of hope. Jacob, despite his pain, offered words of comfort and prayed for his son. He prayed "that the wrath of the Lord might depart from me, as He showed me." This act of forgiveness highlights the enduring power of familial love and the possibility of redemption.

Reuben then shifts his focus, urging his children to align themselves with Levi, "because he will know the law of the Lord," he said, "and he will give ordinances for judgment, and bring sacrifices for all Israel, until the consummation of the times, as the anointed high priest of whom the Lord spake." This points to the future priestly role of the Levites and hints at the coming of the Messiah. As we find in texts like Midrash Rabbah, the Levites' dedication to religious law and practice would set them apart. And as The Zohar tells us, their role was crucial for the spiritual well-being of the entire community.

Having delivered his final will, Reuben passed away at the age of one hundred and twenty-five. His body was placed in a coffin, eventually carried from Egypt to Hebron, and buried in the Double Cave, Machpelah (Ginzberg).

So, what can we take away from Reuben's testament? It's more than just a story of sin and regret. It's a reminder of the power of temptation, the importance of accountability, and the enduring hope for forgiveness. It's a human story, filled with flaws and redemption, offering us a glimpse into the complex lives of our ancestors. And it reminds us that even in our darkest moments, there's always the possibility of finding our way back to the light.

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