Parshat Nitzavim

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The covenant renewed, the choice between life and death, and the promise that Torah is accessible to all. Deuteronomy 29:9-30:20.

Judah Stakes His Life on Benjamin's Safe Return

Midrash Aggadah Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Genesis 43:8

The famine grinds on. Grain runs thin. And Jacob, the aged patriarch, sits paralyzed at the thought of sending his youngest, Benjamin, down into Mizraim (Egypt). The viceroy there ...

PatriarchsRepentanceRighteousnessCommunity

The Brothers Confess the Mystery of the Returned Silver

Midrash Aggadah Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Genesis 43:21

When cornered, honest people speak plainly. The brothers corner themselves at the door of Joseph's house. Before anyone accuses them, they accuse the evidence. "It was when we had ...

PatriarchsRepentanceRighteousnessEthics

Why Have You Returned Evil for Good — The Road Accusation

Midrash Aggadah Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Genesis 44:4

The brothers are barely out the city gate. The donkeys have not yet settled into their travel rhythm. Then a shout comes from behind them. "They had not gone far from city, when Jo...

PatriarchsDivine justiceRepentanceSin

Would Thieves Return Silver — The Brothers' Defense

Midrash Aggadah Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Genesis 44:8

The brothers are innocent of the cup, and they know it. Their defense, preserved in Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, is an argument from character. "Behold, the money which we found in the ...

PatriarchsRepentanceRighteousnessEthics

Return the Wandering Ox of the Man You Hate

Midrash Aggadah Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Exodus 23:4

You are walking along a road. Across the field you see an ox. It is the ox of a man you cannot stand. You know, privately, he has done wicked things. Your dislike is not petty, it ...

EthicsCommunityRepentance

The Blood That Sealed the Covenant at Sinai

Midrash Aggadah Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Exodus 24:8

Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Exodus (Exodus 24:8) describes the most solemn act of the covenant ceremony: Mosheh took half of the blood which was in the basins, and sprinkled upon the...

MosesSacrificeTorahPatriarchs

The Covenant Struck on the Expression of These Words

Midrash Aggadah Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Exodus 34:27

There is a moment on Sinai when God tells Moses to write. Not to remember, not to transmit orally, not to carve into stone alone. But to write. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on (Exodus 34...

TorahMosesProphecyStudy

The Torah Wore Sackcloth at Shushan's Gate

Midrash Aggadah Targum Sheni on Esther 4:1:5

At Shushan's gate, even the Torah appeared to mourn. Targum Sheni on (Esther 4:1) says the holy ark was brought out, the book of the Law was taken from it, and sackcloth and ashes ...

EstherTorahPrayerRepentance

Kehatites — The Ark of the Covenant

Midrash Rabbah Bamidbar Rabbah 5:8

In the Book of Numbers, Bamidbar, we read about how the Kehatites, a family within the tribe of Levi, had the unique and profoundly important task of carrying the Ark of the Covena...

Noah & FloodSolomonTorahTemple

The Garden of Eden and the Covenant

Midrash Rabbah Bereshit Rabbah 15:5

The ancient rabbis certainly did. And they found a fascinating clue hidden in plain sight, connecting the Garden of Eden to... the Ark of the Covenant! It all hinges on a single wo...

CreationHeavenAdam & EveNoah & Flood

God's Covenant With Noah After the Flood

Midrash Rabbah Bereshit Rabbah 35:1

The story of Noah, after the flood, grapples with this very question. The familiar story is this: the world drowned in sin, Noah builds an ark, saves his family and the animals. Bu...

CreationNoah & FloodTorah

God's Covenant with Abraham Under the Stars

Midrash Rabbah Bereshit Rabbah 44:14

Bereshit Rabbah turns to God's Covenant with Abraham Under the Stars. The verse in question is (Genesis 15:8): “He said: My Lord God, how can I know that I will inherit it?” It’s a...

CreationPatriarchsTempleRepentance

The Smoking Furnace and Flaming Torch at the Covenant

Midrash Rabbah Bereshit Rabbah 44:21

What in the world is going on here? The Rabbis of the Midrash (rabbinic interpretive commentary), those ancient interpreters of scripture, were just as captivated by this verse as ...

CreationNoah & FloodPatriarchsJoseph

What God Revealed to Abraham in the Covenant

Midrash Rabbah Bereshit Rabbah 44:22

Bereshit Rabbah turns to What God Revealed to Abraham in the Covenant. Rabbi Yudan brings us a fascinating debate between Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakkai and Rabbi Akiva. One sage believ...

Noah & FloodPatriarchsJosephMoses

The Eternal Covenant of Circumcision Written in Flesh

Midrash Rabbah Bereshit Rabbah 46:12

Our journey begins with the powerful words from (Genesis 17:13): “You shall surely circumcise those born in your house, or those purchased with your silver, and My covenant shall b...

CreationAdam & EveNoah & FloodTorah

Covenant of Ishmael

Midrash Rabbah Bereshit Rabbah 47:5

Bereshit Rabbah turns to Covenant of Ishmael. So, who gets what blessing? That's where the rabbinic interpretations come in, offering multiple readings. Rabbi Yoḥanan, quoting Rabb...

CreationAngelsNoah & FloodPatriarchs

Covenant of Circumcision of Abraham

Midrash Rabbah Bereshit Rabbah 47:9

Bereshit Rabbah turns to Covenant of Circumcision of Abraham. (Genesis 17:26) tells us, “On that very day, Abraham was circumcised, and Ishmael his son.” Simple. But that “very day...

CreationPatriarchsTorahProphecy

Abraham — Covenant of Circumcision

Midrash Rabbah Bereshit Rabbah 49:2

How do you BECOME ready? Our exploration starts in Bereshit Rabbah, a classic collection of rabbinic interpretations of the Book of Genesis. Here, in section 49, we find a fascinat...

CreationAdam & EveNoah & FloodPatriarchs

Abraham Tells His Servants We Will Return to You

Midrash Rabbah Bereshit Rabbah 56:2

The Bible tells us the bare bones of the story, but the Rabbis, in their endless quest to understand God's word, delve deeper, seeking hidden meanings and profound truths. In Beres...

CreationPatriarchsMatriarchsJoseph

Beware Lest You Return My Son to That Place

Midrash Rabbah Bereshit Rabbah 59:10

In the Torah, we find Abraham, the patriarch, facing just such a moment when sending his servant, Eliezer, to find a wife for his son, Isaac. It's a journey fraught with responsibi...

CreationAngelsNoah & FloodPatriarchs

The Faithful God Who Always Keeps His Ancient Covenant

Midrash Rabbah Devarim Rabbah 3:3

It all starts with the verse, “You shall know that the Lord your God, He is God, the faithful God” (Deuteronomy 7:9). Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba uses a parable to unpack this idea. Imagi...

CreationAngelsPatriarchsJoseph

Abraham's Legacy and the Weight of Covenant Responsibility

Midrash Rabbah Devarim Rabbah 6:1

What does this seemingly simple commandment truly mean? What deeper lessons about mercy and compassion can we learn from a bird's nest? The Rabbis of the Midrash (rabbinic interpre...

CreationAdam & EveNoah & FloodPatriarchs

The Torah Is Not in Heaven But Right Here With Us

Midrash Rabbah Devarim Rabbah 8:6

In (Deuteronomy 30:12-14), we find the verse, "It is not in the heavens… It is not beyond the sea… Rather, the matter is very near to you, in your mouth and in your heart, that you...

HeavenCreaturesMosesSolomon

A Woman Seeks Conversion From Rabbi Eliezer

Midrash Rabbah Kohelet Rabbah 8:4

Kohelet Rabbah, a collection of rabbinic interpretations on the book of Ecclesiastes, wrestles with this very question, offering us some pretty intense stories. One tale recounts a...

HeavenSolomonTorahPrayer

Covenant of Levi

Midrash Rabbah Kohelet Rabbah 8:2

Kohelet, or Ecclesiastes, grapples with these questions, and the rabbis of the Midrash (rabbinic interpretive commentary), specifically Kohelet Rabbah, offer some pretty fascinatin...

MosesKing DavidSolomonTorah

Cast Your Bread Upon the Waters and Wait for Its Return

Midrash Rabbah Kohelet Rabbah 1:1

A passage from Kohelet Rabbah, a collection of rabbinic interpretations of the Book of Ecclesiastes, that explores this very idea through the verse: “Cast your bread The first read...

CreationPatriarchsJosephMoses

Covenant of Israelite

Midrash Rabbah Shemot Rabbah 1:11

The Book of Exodus, or Shemot in Hebrew, is the ultimate story of resilience. It begins not with triumph, but with oppression. And even in the darkest moments, we find glimmers of ...

CreationMosesTorahSoul

Moses Returns to Jethro Before Going to Egypt

Midrash Rabbah Shemot Rabbah 4:3

Even some of the biggest figures in Jewish history felt that way. Shemot Rabbah, a classic collection of Midrashic (rabbinic interpretive commentary) interpretations on the Book of...

MosesJobTorahProphecy

Return a Borrowed Garment Before the Sun Sets

Midrash Rabbah Shemot Rabbah 31:7

The verse in question is from (Exodus 22:25): "If you take your neighbor’s garment as collateral, you shall return it to him by the setting of the sun." Simple enough. But the rabb...

MosesRepentanceEgypt

Why the Ark of the Covenant Was Made of Acacia Wood

Midrash Rabbah Shemot Rabbah 34:1

A very special box, – the Ark of the Covenant. The Torah tells us, "They shall craft an Ark of acacia wood: its length shall be two and a half cubits, and its width a cubit and a h...

HeavenNoah & FloodMosesKing David

Covenant of Betzalel

Midrash Rabbah Shemot Rabbah 50:3

Jewish tradition teaches us that healing often comes from the very source of our pain. The Shemot Rabbah, a compilation of rabbinic interpretations on the Book of Exodus, explores ...

Noah & FloodMosesElijahProphecy

Return O Shulamite and the Meaning of Six Dances

Midrash Rabbah Shir HaShirim Rabbah 1:1

That feeling isn't new. In fact, our ancient texts wrestle with it all the time. Take the Song of Songs, also known as Shir HaShirim in Hebrew, often considered the most beautiful ...

CreationMosesKing DavidSolomon

What Already Was Will Be Again and Miracles Will Return

Midrash Rabbah Vayikra Rabbah 27:4

In Vayikra Rabbah, a collection of rabbinic homilies on the Book of Leviticus, we find a fascinating discussion anchored to the verse “a bull, or a sheep, or a goat” (Leviticus 1:2...

CreationAdam & EvePatriarchsMatriarchs

God Remembers the Covenant With Jacob Isaac and Abraham

Midrash Rabbah Vayikra Rabbah 36:1

This question, And it all stems from a seemingly simple verse in Leviticus (26:42): “I will remember My covenant with Jacob, also My covenant with Isaac, also My covenant with Abra...

CreationNoah & FloodPatriarchsMoses

Jacob's Vow at Bethel and the Promise of Return

Midrash Rabbah Vayikra Rabbah 37:1

Vayikra Rabbah turns Jacob's delayed vow at Bethel into a warning about promises made before God. Our starting point is (Leviticus 27:2): “Speak to the children of Israel, and say ...

CreationAdam & EvePatriarchsMatriarchs

Three Times God Warned Israel Not to Return to Egypt

Midrash Rabbah Esther Rabbah, Petichta 3

God told Israel three separate times: do not go back to Egypt. According to Esther Rabbah, they violated every single warning and paid for every single one. Rabbi Shimon ben Yohai ...

TorahMosesProphecyCovenant

Philo Fills the Gaps in the Torah With Imagination

Philo The Midrash of Philo 21:2

One fascinating perspective comes to us from a text known as The Midrash of Philo. Now, when we say "midrash (rabbinic interpretive commentary)," Philo, a Jewish philosopher living...

CreationTorahSoulRepentance

Why Noah Sent the Dove Out Twice and It Never Returned

Philo The Midrash of Philo 12:1

The Torah tells us Noah sent it out not once, but twice. The first time, it came back with an olive branch – a sign of hope! But the second time… nothing. It just... didn’t return....

CreationAdam & EveNoah & FloodHumor

Philo Unpacks God's Covenant Promise to Abraham

Philo The Midrash of Philo 3:6

The Midrash of Philo turns to Philo Unpacks God's Covenant Promise to Abraham. Philo, a Jewish philosopher from Alexandria, grappled with this very question. His interpretation, pr...

CreationHeavenNoah & FloodTorah

When Joseph's Brothers Returned and Told Him Joseph Is Yet Alive … His

Midrash Tanchuma Midrash Tanchuma, Vayigash 11

And he sent Judah before him (Gen. 46:28). Jacob sent Judah before him to establish an academy wherein he might teach the Torah as he had previously done for the tribes. You know t...

TorahJosephPatriarchs

God Reveals the Coming Judgment on the Nations

Apocrypha & Pseudepigrapha 2 Baruch 13-20

Baruch stood on Mount Zion. The ruins smoked beneath him. And then a voice fell from the height of heaven like a stone. "Stand on your feet, Baruch, and hear the word of the mighty...

BaruchDivine judgmentNationsProphecy

Baruch's Letter to the Nine and a Half Tribes in Exile

Apocrypha & Pseudepigrapha 2 Baruch 78-87

This is the letter that Baruch son of Neriah sent across the river Euphrates to the nine and a half tribes in exile. It may be the most hopeful document ever written from the rubbl...

BaruchExileHopeDivine promise

The Angel Uriel Reveals the Signs of the End of Days

Apocrypha & Pseudepigrapha 4 Ezra 6-7

Uriel took Ezra back to the beginning. Before the portals of the world were in place. Before the winds blew or thunder sounded. Before the innumerable hosts of angels were gathered...

EzraUrielAngelsEnd Times

The Exile Of The Shekhinah

Kabbalah Sefer ha-Bahir 76

What happens when even the Divine weeps? What happens when home is lost, not just for us, but for God, too? God is often remembered as unchanging, eternal, beyond our human messine...

CreationHeavenPatriarchsAdam & Eve

Malkut Stands Between Emanation and Creation

Kabbalah Pardes Rimmonim 2:7:11-12

Malkut stands at the border where one world ends and the next begins. In Pardes Rimmonim 2:7:11-12, Cordovero describes the chain of worlds as a series of thresholds. Malkut is the...

MalkhutSefirotWorldsCreation

Dreams Come From the Thoughts of the Heart

Talmud Aggadah Berakhot 55a

Where do dreams come from? The Talmud in Berakhot 55a offers a surprisingly psychological answer: from the dreamer's own mind. Rabbi Shmuel bar Nahmani taught in the name of Rabbi ...

Dreams & VisionsProphecySupernatural

The Assembly of Israel Cried Out in Distress

Midrash Aggadah Aggadat Bereshit 66

After two full years in prison, Pharaoh dreamed (Genesis 41:1). The midrash reads this through Psalm 73: "As an endless dream, the Lord despised their form." God does not reveal Hi...

MosesSoulKing DavidDivine punishment

The Lord Accomplished What He Devised He Implemented His

Midrash Rabbah Eikhah Rabbah 2:21

“The Lord accomplished what He devised: He implemented His statement that He commanded from the days of old; He destroyed and had no compassion. He caused the enemy to rejoice over...

CovenantHoly LandJoyTragedy