686 texts in Midrash Aggadah
Jacob draws the line. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on (Genesis 42:38) preserves his refusal: "My son shall not go down with you; for his brother is dead, and he alone remains of his moth...
Judah steps up with the reminder. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on (Genesis 43:3) records his words to Jacob: "The man attesting attested to us saying, You shall not see the sight of my f...
The brothers were defending themselves. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on (Genesis 43:7) preserves their explanation: "The man demanding demanded (to know) about us, and about our family, ...
The famine grinds on. Grain runs thin. And Jacob, the aged patriarch, sits paralyzed at the thought of sending his youngest, Benjamin, down into Mizraim (Egypt). The viceroy there ...
Judah does not haggle with his father. He does something stranger. He offers a guarantee so total that it extends beyond time itself. "I will be surety for him," he says. "Of my ha...
When Jacob finally yields, he does not send his sons empty-handed. He sends a basket of the land itself. "Take of the praiseworthy things of the land," he tells them, "and put them...
Jacob thinks through every detail. If the brothers return to Egypt carrying only fresh money, the viceroy might remember the strange matter of the silver they discovered in their s...
Jacob blesses his sons with a breaking voice. "God the Almighty give you mercies before the man," he prays, "that he may release to you your other brother, and Benjamin" (Genesis 4...
The Torah says Joseph told his steward to "slaughter an animal and prepare" a meal for his brothers. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan hears more than catering. It hears halacha. "Bring the m...
Kindness frightens a guilty conscience more than cruelty does. When Joseph's men usher the brothers into the viceroy's private house, they should be relieved. No dungeon, no interr...
When cornered, honest people speak plainly. The brothers corner themselves at the door of Joseph's house. Before anyone accuses them, they accuse the evidence. "It was when we had ...
The steward's reply is the gentlest sentence in all of Genesis 43. The brothers have just thrust their silver forward, insisting on their innocence. And the steward — Menasheh, in ...
Joseph has been holding a pose for three chapters. Stern vizier. Egyptian potentate. Accuser, examiner, power. Then he lifts his eyes and sees, standing among his brothers, the boy...
There is a kind of tear a powerful man cannot afford to show in public. Joseph, vizier of all Mizraim, feels it rising, and runs. "Joseph made haste," the Targum reports, "for his ...
The banquet is served on three separate tables. Joseph at one. His brothers at another. The Egyptian officials at a third. The Torah notes the separation briefly. Targum Pseudo-Jon...
The seating at Joseph's feast is arranged with a precision that should be impossible. The brothers stare at the place cards and cannot account for what they see. "They sat around h...
At Joseph's table the platters move in a strange rhythm. Every brother receives a portion. Then Benjamin receives five. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan accounts for the arithmetic. "Benjami...
The meal is over. The brothers have eaten, drunk, been seated by their mothers' names, watched Benjamin receive five portions. They expect to go home with grain and a story. Joseph...
A small silver cup changes the course of Jewish history. Joseph hands it to his steward with a single instruction. "Put my cup, the silver cup, in the mouth of the sack of the youn...
The brothers are barely out the city gate. The donkeys have not yet settled into their travel rhythm. Then a shout comes from behind them. "They had not gone far from city, when Jo...
The brothers are innocent of the cup, and they know it. Their defense, preserved in Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, is an argument from character. "Behold, the money which we found in the ...
The cup is found in Benjamin's sack. The brothers stand in the dust of the road, surrounded by armed Egyptians, and Judah begins a speech that will rearrange Jewish history. "What ...
Joseph's counter-offer is designed to look generous. It is in fact the most dangerous trap he has set yet. "Far be it from me to do thus; the man in whose hand the chalice hath bee...
What happens next is one of the great speeches in the Hebrew Bible. Judah steps out of the huddle of brothers and walks directly toward the vizier — the man he still believes is an...
In the middle of Judah's speech, a sentence lands that should have broken Joseph's composure on the spot. "We told my lord, We have an aged father, and a son of his old age, a litt...
Judah keeps building the case. He reminds the vizier of every step, every conversation, every refusal. The family could not return to Egypt without the youngest brother. "We told h...
The speech closes where it began. Judah returns, at the end, to the same pledge he gave his father at the beginning of the story, and makes it explicit. "Therefore thy servant beca...
Three words in Hebrew, and a palace full of lies collapses. Ani Yosef. I am Joseph. "Joseph said to his brothers, I am Joseph! Is my father yet alive? But his brothers could not an...
The brothers cannot answer. So Joseph does something astonishing. He invites them closer. "Joseph said to his brothers, Come near, I pray, and examine me. And they came near. And h...
Having named the sin, Joseph reframes it. He does not deny it. He places it inside a larger story. "It was not you who sent me hither, but it was from before the Lord that the thin...
Joseph has reconciled with his brothers. Now he needs them to deliver a message — quickly. "Make haste, and go up to my father, and say to him, Thus saith thy son Joseph, The Lord ...
When Joseph and Benjamin finally embrace, their tears do not flow for the reasons we expect. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan reads the verse as prophecy. "He bowed himself upon his brother ...
The kisses Joseph gives his brothers are not only affection. In Targum Pseudo-Jonathan's reading, they are grief in advance. "And he kissed all his brethren, and wept over them, be...
When the news reaches the palace, Pharaoh is delighted — and the Targum hears the reason under the delight. "A voice was heard in the royal house of Pharaoh, saying, The brothers o...
Pharaoh sends his own invitation. "Take your father and the men of your house, and come to me, and I will give you the best of what is desirable in the land of Mizraim, and you sha...
Pharaoh is specific about the travel arrangements. He thinks of the women. He thinks of the children. He thinks of the honor due an aged patriarch. "Thou, Joseph, shalt appoint for...
The inventory of Joseph's gift to his father is recorded with precision. "These presents he sent to his father; ten asses laden with wine and the good things of Mizraim, and ten sh...
The brothers arrive in Canaan. They find their father. They deliver the news. And Jacob cannot hear it. "They declared to him, saying, Joseph is yet alive, and is ruler over all th...
Words did not persuade Jacob. But the wagons did. "They told him all the words of Joseph which he had spoken to them. And when he saw the wagons which Joseph had sent to bring him,...
Jacob speaks. For the first time in the Targum's chapter, he is called by his second name — Israel. "Israel said, Many benefits hath the Lord wrought for me; He delivered me from t...
Jacob pauses at Be'er Sheva on his way to Egypt. He offers sacrifices. He waits. He listens. And the Holy One speaks to him in a night vision. "He said, I am God, the God of thy fa...
The Holy One makes Jacob a promise so intimate that the Targum cannot bear to phrase it as mere accompaniment. It phrases it as presence. "I am He who in My Word will go down with ...
The caravan forms at dawn. An old man. His sons. His grandchildren. His daughters-in-law. Seventy souls in all, according to the count the Torah gives us later (Genesis 46:27). "Ja...
Of all the seventy souls who went down with Jacob into Egypt, one name hides a secret that will echo across centuries. The Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on (Genesis 46:17) lingers over th...
The plain verse of (Genesis 46:20) simply records that Joseph married Asenath, daughter of Potiphera priest of On, and had two sons — Menasheh and Ephraim. The Targum Pseudo-Jonath...
Read (Genesis 46:21) in a plain chumash and it looks like a list: Bela, Beker, Ashbel, Gera, Naaman, Ehi, Rosh, Muppim, Chuppim, Ard — ten sons of Benjamin. But the Targum Pseudo-J...
The Torah counts seventy souls of Jacob's house entering Egypt. Do the math in (Genesis 46:27) and you find sixty-nine. The Targum Pseudo-Jonathan closes the gap with one of the st...
When Jacob finally set out to reunite with Joseph, he sent Judah on ahead. The Torah says only that Judah was to "show the way before him to Goshen" (Genesis 46:28). The Targum Pse...
