The revelation at Sinai is awe-inspiring in the Hebrew Bible. The Targum Jonathan on (Exodus 19) makes it terrifying. It adds details about God physically uprooting the mountain, Israel arriving "of one heart," and anyone who touched the boundary being killed by arrows of fire.
The Hebrew says Israel camped at the foot of Mount Sinai. The Targum says they camped "of one heart, nigh to the mountain." This phrase, absent from the biblical text, became one of the most famous rabbinic descriptions of Israel's unity at Sinai. They were not just physically present. They were spiritually unanimous.
God told Moses to address "the women of the house of Jacob" first, and then "instruct the house of Israel." The Targum preserves a tradition that the Torah was offered to women before men. This is not in the Hebrew text of (Exodus 19:3), which simply says "the house of Jacob."
The most spectacular addition comes at the moment of revelation itself. The Targum says "the Lord of the world uprooted the mountain, and lifted it in the air, and it became luminous as a beacon, and they stood beneath the mountain." God literally tore Sinai out of the earth and suspended it above the people like a glowing canopy. This tradition, which appears in the Talmud (Shabbat 88a), is embedded directly into the Targum's translation of the text.
The penalties for approaching too close are also expanded. The Hebrew says trespassers will be "stoned or shot." The Targum specifies: "stoned with hailstone, or be pierced with arrows of fire." These are not human punishments. They are divine weapons, supernatural projectiles fired from the mountain itself.
When Moses spoke to God, the Targum says he "was answered from before the Lord with a gracious and majestic voice, and with pleasant and gracious words." The terrifying God of thunder and fire spoke to Moses gently. The same revelation that made all Israel tremble was, for Moses alone, a tender conversation.