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Moses Ruled Cush for Forty Years Before He Reached the Burning Bush

The plan came from a Hebrew fugitive. Every soldier had to raise a stork and starve it three days. The birds were loosed on the serpents guarding the city.

Curated by Arthur · Told by Maggid ·
Table of Contents
  1. The Fugitive Who Went South
  2. Storks Against Serpents
  3. The Argument at the Bush
  4. Walking the Firmament
  5. Every Word, Out Loud
  6. The Burial God Kept for Himself
Moses Ruled Cush for Forty Years Before He Reached the Burning Bush Click for full size

The Fugitive Who Went South

Moses killed the Egyptian, hid him in the sand, and ran. The Torah takes him straight to a well in Midian. The old chronicles take him somewhere else first: south, far south, to a war.

The army of Cush had been camped against a walled city for nine years with no end in sight. Moses joined the ranks, made himself useful in the war councils the way a man trained in Pharaoh's court could, and when the desperate soldiers finally begged their leaders for a way in, it was the Hebrew fugitive they asked. "Give us counsel," they said, "that we may see what is to be done to this city."

Storks Against Serpents

His plan sounded like madness. Every man was to go to the forest and bring back a young stork or face death. They raised the birds, trained them to hunt like hawks, and then starved them for three days. On the third day the army rode out, each man carrying a ravenous bird, to the ground where the serpents lay that guarded the approach to the city. They released the storks, and the starving birds fell on the snakes and devoured them. The army walked over the cleared ground, stormed the city, and took it without losing a single man. Balaam the magician, who had been sheltering inside, fled to Egypt with his sons.

They set Moses on the throne of the dead king Kikianus and gave him the king's widow, Adoniah, as a wife. He would not touch her. He remembered the oaths of Abraham and Isaac against marrying into the daughters of Ham, and he feared God more than he loved a crown. For forty years he ruled Cush, put down the rebellion of Aram and the children of the East, and governed a people who loved him, walking before the Lord in truth with all his heart. It was an entire life. It was not the one he had been born for.

The Argument at the Bush

When the voice from the burning bush commissioned him to bring Israel out of Egypt, the man who answered was not a young shepherd overwhelmed by light. He was a former head of state, and he argued like one. God had told Jacob at Beersheba, "I Myself will go down with you to Egypt, and I Myself will surely bring you up" (Genesis 46:4). Moses pointed at the promise: You said You would do it Yourself. Now You send me? He counted years like an auditor: only two hundred and ten had passed since the covenant of the pieces, and four hundred had been decreed (Genesis 15:13). He worried about food for pregnant women and nursing mothers and small children on a desert road. He remembered that Egypt still wanted him dead. He asked whether Israel even had the merit to be redeemed.

These were not the protests of inexperience. They were the objections of a man who had governed, and who knew exactly what he was being handed. God answered none of them to his satisfaction and sent him anyway.

Walking the Firmament

At Sinai, the king who had taken a city with storks was sent up to take something from angels. A cloud crouched before him like a living creature. He did not know whether to ride it or grab hold of it; it opened, swallowed him, and carried him upward, and then Moses walked across the firmament the way a man walks a field. Qemuel, gatekeeper of heaven with twelve thousand angels of destruction, barred the way. "What is one born of woman doing in a place of fire?" "I am the son of Amram," Moses said. "I have come to receive the Torah for Israel." Hadarniel towered sixty thousand parasangs above his fellows, and every word out of his mouth threw off twelve thousand sparks of fire. Moses wept and nearly fell from the cloud until God rebuked the angel, and then Hadarniel walked ahead of him like a student before his teacher.

He passed the fire of Sandalphon, whose height is five hundred years of walking and who weaves the prayers of Israel into crowns for the Throne. He crossed the river Rigyon, a stream of fire where angels are born and consumed daily. Before the Throne of Glory, the angels of terror tried to burn him with their breath, and God spread the glory of the Throne over him like a shield. Moses turned on them. "What use is the Torah to you? You were not brought out of Egypt. You do not worship idols. You do not swear false oaths." One by one the angels became his friends, and each handed him a secret. Even the angel of death told his own. Moses came down carrying the Torah like a captured bride, while myriads of angels set two crowns on every Israelite who had said, "We will do and we will hear."

Every Word, Out Loud

Forty years later, in the plains of Moab, the whole of it had to be handed on. Moses read the entire Torah aloud to the assembled people before the covenant was sealed. Not a summary. Every word, so that no one entered the covenant without knowing what they had agreed to, and Joshua would renew it again at Gerizim and Ebal, because agreed words blur quickly into vague obligation.

Then the scroll had to end, and the ending was the writer's own death. "And Moses died there" (Deuteronomy 34:5). Who wrote that line? Rabbi Yehudah said Moses wrote up to it and Joshua finished the scroll. Rabbi Shimon could not accept a Torah passed between two hands: Moses wrote every word, he said, God dictating while Moses transcribed his own death in tears rather than ink. Others heard a heavenly voice rolling twelve mils in every direction, crying, "Moses died, the great scribe of Israel." And some refused the sentence entirely: as he once stood and served on the mountain, he stands and serves still.

The Burial God Kept for Himself

On his last day Moses wrote thirteen Torah scrolls, one for each tribe and one for the Ark, racing the sunset in the hope that a day that never ended could not carry out a decree. God stopped the sun for him. The decree held anyway. The angel of death came three times; twice Moses drove him off with the Ineffable Name, and the third time he seized the angel and forced him to walk ahead while Moses blessed the twelve tribes one by one.

Why did God handle the burial Himself? The chronicles reach back to Egypt for the answer. On the night of the Exodus, while every other family loaded silver and gold, Moses walked the city for three days and nights hunting for the coffin of Joseph, because Israel had sworn to carry the bones. Serah bat Asher, the woman who had lived since Jacob's day, led him to the brook where Pharaoh's magicians had sunk a lead casket weighing five hundred talents. Moses stood at the water and called, "Joseph, Joseph, you made Israel swear to carry your bones. Do not hold back their redemption." The coffin rose and floated like a reed, and Moses carried it out of Egypt on his shoulder while everyone else carried treasure. God told him then: you think this was a small thing; by your life, the kindness you have shown is great.

So when Moses died on the mountain across from the land he never entered, no tribe carried him and no family sealed the grave. God buried him alone, in a place no one has ever found, and carried the soul Himself to rest beneath the Throne. The man who was a king before he was a prophet ended as the only man whose gravedigger was God.


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From the tradition

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The texts behind this telling. Some cards carry a translation of the source; others are our own retelling of it, and each card says which. Every card links out to the original.

Jasher 73Book of Jasher

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Book of Jasher, J. H. Parry edition (1887) · Public Domain

It's considered by many to be part of the Apocrypha, a collection of writings of uncertain origin, that elaborates on stories from the Bible and fills in gaps. And Chapter 73 is where things get really interesting.

The chapter opens by telling us that in the 55th year of Pharaoh's reign, which was the 157th year of the Israelites' sojourn in Egypt, Moses was reigning in Cush. He was 27 years old, and he reigned for 40 years! The people of Cush loved him. He was favored by both God and man.

Here's the thing: Cush was in the middle of a long, drawn-out siege of a city. Nine years, no end in sight. The people were desperate. So they came to their new king, Moses, and asked for his counsel. "Give us counsel that we may see what is to be done to this city!" they pleaded.

Moses, ever the strategist, comes up with a plan. But it's not what you'd expect. He tells them to gather young storks from the forest. Every man must bring one back, or face death! Then, they had to raise these storks, teaching them to hunt like hawks. After they were grown, they had to be starved for three days.

Okay, stay with me.

On the third day, Moses orders the men to arm themselves, grab their hungry storks, and ride to the place where the serpents are. And there – this is the key – they released the storks on the snakes. The storks, ravenous after three days of hunger, devoured the serpents.

With the serpent problem solved, the army of Cush stormed the city and took it, losing not a single man. Balaam the magician (yes, that Balaam) fled back to Egypt with his sons and brothers. According to the Book of Jasher, these are the same sorcerers who later opposed Moses during the plagues.

So, Moses wins the city through wisdom and is placed on the throne, replacing the previous king, Kikianus. They even give him Kikianus's widow, Adoniah, as a wife!

But here's where Moses's true character shines through. He feared God and remembered the oaths of his ancestors – Abraham and Isaac, as we are told in the text. They had sworn not to take wives from the Canaanites or make alliances with the children of Ham. The Book of Jasher even states that God gave Ham and his descendants as slaves to the children of Shem and Japheth. So, Moses refuses to consummate the marriage with Adoniah, remaining true to his faith.

Moses strengthens his kingdom, guides the people with wisdom, and prospers. When Aram and the children of the East hear of Kikianus's death, they rebel. Moses gathers an army and defeats them, bringing them under Cushite rule. He governs with righteousness, following in the footsteps of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. "Moses feared the Lord his God all his life, and Moses walked before the Lord in truth, with all his heart and soul."

What's fascinating about this story is how it portrays Moses as a leader before his encounter with the burning bush. It highlights his strategic mind, his piety, and his unwavering commitment to God's law. It’s a glimpse into a Moses we don't typically see in the traditional narrative.

The Book of Jasher, while not canonical, offers a compelling and thought-provoking perspective on biblical figures and events.

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Chronicles of Jerahmeel XLIVChronicles of Jerahmeel (Gaster, 1899)

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Chronicles of Jerahmeel, trans. Moses Gaster (1899) · Public Domain

When Amram separated from his wife after Pharaoh's decree to drown all Hebrew boys, it was his young daughter Miriam who brought them back together. The Spirit of God came upon the girl and she prophesied: "A son shall be born to my parents who will rescue Israel from the hands of the Egyptians." Amram returned to Jochebed, and six months later she gave birth. The entire house filled with a light as brilliant as the sun and moon combined.

Egyptian women devised a cruel trick to find hidden children. They brought their own babies into Hebrew homes, when the infants babbled, any hidden child would babble back, revealing its location. After three months, Jochebed placed Moses in a basket of bulrushes. God sent a scorching drought so severe that Pharaoh's daughter went down to the river to bathe, where she discovered the crying infant and adopted him.

Moses had seven names. His mother called him Yequtiel, "I placed my hope in God." His sister called him Yered, "I went down to the river after him." His grandfather Kehath named him Abigedor, "for his sake God closed the breach," and the Egyptians stopped drowning Hebrew children. At three years old, sitting in Pharaoh's lap, Moses reached up and placed the royal crown on his own head. Balaam the enchanter urged the king to kill him, but the angel Gabriel, disguised as a courtier, suggested a test: place glowing coals and precious stones before the child. Gabriel guided Moses' hand to the coal, which burned his lips and tongue, making him heavy of speech. But saving his life.

At eighteen, Moses killed an Egyptian who had assaulted a Hebrew man's wife. He fled, and the angel Michael carried him beyond Egypt's borders. According to the Chronicles of Jerahmeel, a 12th-century chronicle translated by Moses Gaster in 1899, Moses then joined the army of Qinqanos, King of Cush, and after nine years of siege, the people crowned Moses king. He devised an ingenious strategy: he had each soldier raise a young stork, starve it for two days, then release the birds against the serpents guarding the city walls. The storks devoured the snakes, the army poured through, and Moses reigned over Cush for forty years.

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Legends of the Jews 4:199Legends of the Jews

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Legends of the Jews by Louis Ginzberg (1909) · Public Domain

Our ancestor Moses knew that feeling all too well.

God Himself appears to you, commissioning you to lead an entire nation out of slavery. Sounds pretty epic. But Moses's response? Not exactly a resounding "Yes!"

In Ginzberg's retelling in, Legends of the Jews, Moses flat-out refused.

His reasoning is fascinating. He basically says, "Wait a minute, God! You promised Jacob You would bring them out of Egypt! (Genesis 46:4). You said You would do it! Now you want to send me?"

And it wasn't just about the logistics. Moses was deeply concerned about the practicalities. How would he feed everyone? The sheer number of people overwhelmed him. "Many are the women in childbirth," he argued, "many are the pregnant women and the little children. Whence shall I procure dainties for those who have borne babes, whence sweetmeats for the pregnant, and whence tidbits for the little ones? Thinking about the real needs of real people.

Then there was the small matter of personal safety. Moses had, shall we say, a bit of a history in Egypt. "How may I venture to go among the Egyptian brigands and murderers?" he asks. "For Thou art bidding me to go to mine enemies, to those who lie in wait to take my life." He was a fugitive! Who could blame him for being nervous?

But perhaps the most profound reason for his reluctance lies in his doubt about the Israelites themselves. "Why should I risk the safety of my person," he wonders, "seeing that I know not whether Israel possesses merits making them worthy of redemption?" This is a really important point. Moses wasn't just worried about his own skin; he was questioning whether the people were even ready for freedom. Did they deserve it?

And finally, he brings up a point of theological math! "I have reckoned up the years with care," he says, "and I have found that but two hundred and ten have elapsed since the covenant of the pieces made with Abraham, and at that time Thou didst ordain four hundred years of oppression for his seed" (Genesis 15:13). Basically, he's saying, "God, the timeline doesn't even add up! We're not supposed to be freed yet!"

So, what do we take away from Moses's initial refusal? It shows us that confronting injustice isn't always a straightforward, heroic leap. Sometimes, it’s a hesitant, complicated process filled with very human concerns. And maybe, just maybe, that's what makes Moses such a relatable figure, even across millennia. He wasn't perfect. He was real.

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Chronicles of Jerahmeel LIIChronicles of Jerahmeel (Gaster, 1899)

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Chronicles of Jerahmeel, trans. Moses Gaster (1899) · Public Domain

When Moses ascended to heaven to receive the Torah, a cloud crouched before him like a living creature. He did not know whether to ride it or grab hold of it. The cloud opened, swallowed him inside, and carried him upward. Then Moses walked across the firmament the way a person walks across the earth.

The first angel he encountered was Qemuel, commander of 12,000 angels of destruction who guard the gates of heaven. Qemuel rebuked him immediately. "You come from a place of defilement and dare walk in this place of purity? What is one born of woman doing in a place of fire?" Moses answered simply: "I am the son of Amram, and I have come to receive the Torah for Israel."

Next came Hadarniel, who stood 60,000 parasangs above the other angels. Every word Hadarniel spoke sent 12,000 sparks of fire flying from his mouth. Moses heard that voice and wept, trembling so violently he nearly fell from the cloud. But God intervened, telling Hadarniel that the angels had been nothing but accusers since the day of creation, and that without Israel receiving the Torah, neither God nor the angels would have a dwelling in the firmament at all.

Hadarniel immediately became Moses' guide, walking before him like a student before a teacher, until they reached the fire of Sandalphon. This angel stands so far above his peers that it would take a journey of 500 years to cross from his head to his feet. Sandalphon weaves crowns of prayer for God from the words of Israel, and when the crown reaches the Throne of Glory, every heavenly host trembles.

Moses pressed on through the river Rigyon, a stream of fire where angels are born and consumed daily, and past the angels of terror that surround the Throne of Glory itself. They tried to burn him with their breath, but God spread the glory of His throne around Moses like a shield. Moses challenged them: "What use is the Torah to you? The Exodus does not apply to you. You do not worship idols or swear false oaths." At that, every angel became his friend. Each one handed him a secret, and even the angel of death revealed his own mystery. Then God opened the seven firmaments, showed Moses the heavenly temple, and sent him back down carrying the Torah like a captured bride, while 120 myriads of angels placed two crowns on every Israelite who said, "We shall do and we shall obey."

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Legends of the Jews 2:39Legends of the Jews

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Legends of the Jews by Louis Ginzberg (1909) · Public Domain

Legends of the Jews turns to Moses Read the Entire Torah Aloud Before the Covenant.

Before that earth-shattering covenant, before the words were etched in stone, Moses, our teacher, read the entire Torah aloud to the people. He wanted to make sure everyone knew exactly what they were signing up for, what they were taking upon themselves. And, just so we’re clear, this wasn’t a one-time deal. The covenant was renewed in the desert of Moab, again by Moses, and then a third time by Joshua on Mount Gerizim and Mount Ebal after entering the Promised Land.

Even though the people were enthusiastic, God, in a way, hesitated. "Shall I just hand over the Torah?" He asked, according to the Legends of the Jews. "No, bring Me guarantors, bring Me bondsmen who will ensure you observe it. Then, and only then, will I give you the Torah."

The Israelites, bless their hearts, offered their ancestors. "Our fathers are bondsmen for us!" they declared. But God wasn't convinced. He replied, "Your fathers are My debtors! Abraham questioned Me ('Whereby shall I know it?'), showing a lack of faith! Isaac loved Esau, whom I hated! And Jacob didn't immediately fulfill his vow upon returning from Padan-Aram!" Ouch.

So, they tried again. "Our prophets shall be our bondsmen!" they suggested. But God, again, wasn't having it. "I have claims against them, for 'like foxes in the deserts became your prophets,'" He retorted, citing the prophet Ezekiel (Ezekiel 13:4). It seemed like nothing was good enough.

Finally, the Israelites offered their children. "We will give Thee our children as bondsmen!" This…this finally got God’s attention. "Well, then," He said, "these are good bondsmen. On their bond, I will give you the Torah."

According to Ginzberg's retelling in Legends of the Jews, the Israelites brought their wives, babes in arms, and even their pregnant wives. And then…something incredible happened. God made the bodies of the pregnant women transparent, like glass. He spoke directly to the children in the womb.

“Behold, I will give your fathers the Torah," God said. "Will you be surety for them that they will observe it?" And, incredibly, the children answered, "Yea!" He continued, "I am your God." They answered, "Yea!" "Ye shall have no other gods." They said, "Nay!"

In this way, every commandment was met with a "Yea," and every prohibition with a "Nay." The Midrash Rabbah tells us that these unborn children served as the ultimate guarantors. It was on their promise that God gave us the Torah.

But here’s where it gets…sobering. As it was the little children upon whose bond God gave His people the Torah, it comes to pass that many little children die when Israel does not observe the Torah. A reminder of the weight, the responsibility, that comes with this gift. A gift given based on the pure, unblemished promise of the yet-to-be-born.

So, what do we do with this story? Is it a literal account? A symbolic one? Perhaps it's both. It speaks to the profound connection between generations, the immense responsibility we have to uphold our covenant, and the enduring power of even the smallest voices. The voices of our children.

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Sifrei Devarim 357:28Sifrei Devarim

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.Sifrei by Rabbi Shraga Silverstein · CC-BY

They tell us of Moses' death. But… wait a minute. How could Moses himself have written about his own demise? It's a question that's puzzled Jewish scholars for centuries.

The Sifrei Devarim (357) presents this head-scratcher right away: "And Moses died there" (Deuteronomy 34:5). It seems impossible! Did Moses really write, "And Moses died there"?

R. Yehudah offers a compelling solution: Up to that point, Moses penned the words, but from that verse onwards, it was Joshua who completed the scroll. Problem solved. But then R. Shimon steps in. "Hold on," he says, pointing to (Deuteronomy 31:26): "Take this Torah scroll and place it at the side of the ark." If Moses was commanded to place the entire Torah scroll beside the Ark, doesn't that imply he wrote it all?

R. Shimon suggests something even more profound: Moses, with tears in his eyes, faithfully wrote what God dictated, much like Baruch wrote down Jeremiah's prophecies in the Book of Jeremiah (36:18).

Then we have R. Eliezer, who offers a truly awe-inspiring image: a heavenly voice booming out, for miles and miles – twelve mils by twelve mils – announcing, "And Moses died." Twelve mils is a vast distance, emphasizing the cosmic significance of Moses' passing. And S'malyon adds that the voice specifically proclaimed, "And Moses died there, the great scribe of Israel."

The text then shifts to a more mystical idea. Is there a secret tunnel connecting Moses’ grave to the graves of the patriarchs? The verse "and Moses died there" is linked to (Genesis 49:31), which says, "There they buried Abraham and Sarah his wife." The repetition of "there" suggests a connection, a hidden pathway between these monumental figures.

And finally, a truly radical idea: Maybe Moses didn't die! Some say he still stands and serves before God. The word "there" in "and Moses died there" is compared to (Exodus 34:28), "And he (Moses) remained there with the L-rd." Just as Moses stood and served God "there" on Mount Sinai, perhaps he continues to stand and serve "there," beyond our understanding of death.

What are we to make of all this? Is it a straightforward historical account, or something deeper? Perhaps these different interpretations aren't meant to be mutually exclusive. Maybe they offer us different facets of Moses' legacy, his impact on the Jewish people, and his enduring relationship with the Divine. The Torah, even in its final moments, invites us to ponder, to question, and to find our own meaning within its sacred words.

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Chronicles of Jerahmeel LIChronicles of Jerahmeel (Gaster, 1899)

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Chronicles of Jerahmeel, trans. Moses Gaster (1899) · Public Domain

Why did God Himself attend to the burial of Moses? Because of what Moses had done decades earlier in Egypt, when everyone else was busy loading up silver and gold for the exodus. While the Israelites filled their arms with treasure, Moses spent three days and three nights walking silently through the city, searching for one thing, the coffin of Joseph.

Exhausted and faint, he was found by Serah bat Asher, a woman who had lived since the time of Jacob. She led him to a brook where Pharaoh's magicians had sunk Joseph's coffin, a lead casket weighing five hundred talents. So the Israelites could never leave without it. Moses stood at the water's edge and called out: "Joseph, Joseph, you made Israel swear to carry your bones. Do not prevent their redemption." The coffin rose from the depths, floating as lightly as a reed. Moses lifted it onto his shoulders and carried it the entire way out of Egypt, while everyone else carried their gold.

God told him: "You think this was a small thing. By your life, the mercy you have shown is great." So when Moses' own death came, God repaid him in kind. Moses tried everything to avoid dying, he wrote thirteen Torah scrolls on his last day, one for each tribe and one for the Ark. He tried to outrun the sunset, hoping that if the day never ended, the decree could not take effect. God stopped the sun for him, but the decree held.

In his final moments, according to the Chronicles of Jerahmeel, a 12th-century Hebrew chronicle translated by Moses Gaster in 1899, Moses seized the angel of death and forced him to walk ahead as Moses blessed each of the twelve tribes. The angel came for him three times. Twice, Moses drove him off by speaking the Shem HaMeforash (שם המפורש), the Ineffable Name. The third time, Moses accepted the judgment. His soul argued with God, protesting that no body had been purer. God agreed. And carried the soul Himself to rest beneath the divine throne.

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