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The Donkey Driver Answered What Rabbi Yonatan Could Not

A Samaritan stopped him on the road with a question about the Flood, and the rabbi had nothing. The man holding his reins asked for permission to speak.

Curated by Arthur · Told by Maggid ·
Table of Contents
  1. The Road Up to a Ruin
  2. What the Mountain Had Lost
  3. The Samaritan Who Came Down to Meet Him
  4. The Man Holding the Reins
  5. Three Mil on Foot
The Donkey Driver Answered What Rabbi Yonatan Could Not Click for full size

The Road Up to a Ruin

Rabbi Yonatan rode up toward Jerusalem to pray, and there was nothing standing at the other end of the road. Rome had burned the sanctuary generations before he was born. What was left on the mountain was scorched stone and the memory of what had been carried out of it.

He went anyway. A sanctuary keeps its awe in ruin exactly as it kept it when the doors hung straight and the fires were lit, and a man who believes that walks toward rubble the way he would walk toward a working altar. He carried a line from the Song with him on the road, the one Israel speaks in her own voice while she is trampled in the shadow of kingdoms. I am as I am, and I am beloved.

The shadow had a name and a body count. Rabbi Yohanan taught that Hadrian killed four million at Beitar, and God said that even if He had nothing against Rome but Beitar, the judgment would stand over them. That was the country Rabbi Yonatan was riding through. Four kingdoms had crossed it in sequence, Babylon and Persia and Greece and Rome, each laying its own darkness over the land, and the last one had taken the house.

What the Mountain Had Lost

The vestments were the sharpest of the losses. Eight garments on the High Priest, four on an ordinary priest, and not one of them was decoration. The sash ran thirty-two cubits and he wound it around himself over and over, this way and that, and it stood in for the man whose intentions doubled back on themselves. The tunic answered for murderers. The breastplate answered for judges who bent a verdict.

The bells sewn along the hem of the robe rang whenever the priest took a step. No offering in the whole system covered slander, so the sound of the bells was assigned to it. Let a sound come and atone for the sound of an evil tongue. The gold plate strapped across his forehead answered for the brazen, and the sages who taught that turned to another forehead, the one David's stone went into. Goliath stood six cubits and a span. When the stone went in he fell forward onto his face instead of backward, so the boy would not have to walk the whole length of that body to reach the head.

All of it was gone. The mountain had been emptied, and the emptying had been left standing as a monument for the nations to look at.

The Samaritan Who Came Down to Meet Him

The road ran past a height the Samaritans held holy, and a man came down off it to cut him off.

"Where are you going?" he said.

"To pray in Jerusalem."

"Would it not be better to go up and pray on this blessed mountain, instead of praying in those ruins?"

Rabbi Yonatan asked him what made the mountain blessed. The answer came back without a pause, the way a rehearsed thing does. The Flood never touched it. Every other place on earth went under and this one stayed dry, and everybody says so.

Rabbi Yonatan sat on his animal in the sun and could not find the answer. It was somewhere in him and it would not come up. A man had just called the holiest ground in the world a pile of rubble and offered him a dry mountain instead, and the rabbi going up to pray had nothing in his mouth.

The Man Holding the Reins

His donkey driver spoke from the side of the road. "Rabbi. Allow me, and I will answer him."

"Answer him."

The driver turned to the Samaritan. "This mountain of yours. What do you take it for? If you call it one of the high mountains, it is written that all the high mountains were covered. If you call it one of the low ones, the water climbed fifteen cubits over the peaks, and the verse did not trouble itself to name the low mountains at all. If the high ones went under, how much more the low."

The Samaritan stood in the road and found nothing to say back.

Three Mil on Foot

Rabbi Yonatan climbed down off the donkey. He put his driver up on it, took the halter himself, and walked beside the animal for three mil while he said three verses over the man riding it.

You will be the most blessed of all the peoples, and there will be no barren male or female among you or among your cattle. Even among those of you who work with animals. Any weapon crafted against you will not succeed. Your temple is like a slice of pomegranate, and even the empty ones in Israel are packed with answers the way a pomegranate is packed with seed.

The sanctuary was still gone when the road ran out. The stones were still black. Somewhere north of all of it the messianic king was waiting to come down and build in the south, and until he came the mountain would go on being holy in its ruin, defended on the road by a man who drove a donkey for a living.


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The texts behind this telling. Some cards carry a translation of the source; others are our own retelling of it, and each card says which. Every card links out to the original.

Shir HaShirim Rabbah 1:1Shir HaShirim Rabbah

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022 · CC-BY

Shir HaShirim Rabbah turns to Betzalel Before the Flood.

The text imagines the congregation of Israel – Knesset Yisrael, the Jewish people – speaking. "I am a rose [ḥavatzelet] of Sharon," they say. "I am as I am, yet I am beloved [ḥaviva]." Isn't that amazing? Despite everything, despite our flaws, we are loved. More than seventy nations, in fact!

What does the "rose of Sharon" actually mean? The Rabbis play with the words, revealing layers of meaning. "A rose [ḥavatzelet] of Sharon," they say, "I made Him shelter [tzel] by means of Betzalel," the artisan who built the Ark of the Covenant. "Betzalel crafted the Ark" (Exodus 37:1). The wordplay connects the beauty of the rose to the creation of the Mishkan, the portable sanctuary in the desert. Then, "Of Sharon," is connected to reciting song [shira] before Him by means of Moses, as it is written: “Then Moses and the children of Israel sang” (Exodus 15:1). The rose is both shelter and song.

The text continues, drawing parallels between the rose and key moments in Jewish history. “I am a rose of Sharon.” The congregation of Israel says: "I am as I am, yet I am beloved." It's a constant refrain, a grounding reminder. It is I who was shrouded in the shadow of Egypt, but the Holy One blessed be He brought me quickly to Rameses. I sprouted good deeds like a lily, and I recited a song before Him, as it is stated: “The song will be for you like the night of the consecration of the festival” (Isaiah 30:29). This refers to the song after the fall of Sennacherib being like the Hallel that they recited in Egypt on the night before their Exodus.

There's a vulnerability in admitting "I am as I am," but it's followed immediately by the assertion of being loved. This idea of being loved despite our imperfections is so central to Jewish thought.

Consider this: "I am a rose of Sharon." I am as I am, yet I am beloved. It is I who was shrouded in the shadow of the sea, but I quickly sprouted good deeds like a lily, and I pointed to Him with my finger [and pronounced that He is] my Master, as it is stated: “This is my God and I will exalt Him” (Exodus 15:2). The Israelites were trapped between the sea and Pharaoh's army, yet they responded with faith, declaring "This is my God!"

And again, "I am a rose of Sharon." I am as I am, yet I am beloved. It is I who was shrouded in the shadow of Sinai. God suspended the mountain over the Israelites, threatening to obliterate them if they refused to accept the Torah, as we learn in Shabbat 88a. I quickly blossomed good deeds with my hand and my heart, and I said before Him: “Everything that the Lord has spoken we will perform and we will heed” (Exodus 24:7). Even under duress, the Israelites affirmed their commitment to God.

Finally, the text looks to the future: "I am a rose of Sharon." I am as I am, yet I am beloved. It is I who was shrouded and trampled in the shadow of kingdoms. Tomorrow, when the Holy One blessed be He redeems me from the shadow of the kingdoms, I will blossom like a lily, and I will recite a new song before Him, as it is stated: “A psalm. Sing to the Lord a new song, for He has performed wonders; His right hand and His holy arm have wrought salvation for Him” (Psalms 98:1). Even in times of oppression, the hope for redemption remains.

What a powerful message. And that love empowers us to blossom, to sing, and to create a more beautiful world. And isn't that something worth holding onto?

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Shir HaShirim Rabbah 4:16Shir HaShirim Rabbah

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022 · CC-BY

Shir HaShirim Rabbah turns to Did Noah Offer Burnt Offerings or Peace Offerings.

This verse sparks a debate, recorded in Shir HaShirim Rabbah, about the nature of sacrifices offered by Noah and his descendants. Were they just olot (burnt offerings), or did they also offer shelamim (peace offerings)?

Rabbi Elazar and Rabbi Yosei ben Rabbi Ḥanina lock horns over this very question. Rabbi Elazar argues that Noah's descendants offered both types of sacrifices. He brings forth several proofs. First, he points to Abel, whose offering included the chelvehen – the fats – suggesting peace offerings, where only the fats are burned (Genesis 4:4). Rabbi Yosei counters that chelvehen simply means "from the fattest among them."

Rabbi Elazar then cites (Exodus 24:5), which describes young Israelites offering both burnt offerings and peace offerings before the giving of the Torah – a time when they were, essentially, descendants of Noah. Rabbi Yosei parries, suggesting that the term shelamim here refers to the wholeness of the bodies, which were offered without the flaying and cutting required for standard burnt offerings.

Finally, Rabbi Elazar brings up Yitro (Exodus 18:12), who offered both a burnt offering and a peace offering. Rabbi Yosei cleverly sidesteps this by suggesting that there are two opinions: one that Yitro came before the giving of the Torah, and another that he came after. The former would support Rabbi Elazar's view, while the latter supports Rabbi Yosei's.

What does all this have to do with the north and south winds? According to Rabbi Yosei, the "north wind" that needs to "awake" represents the olah, the burnt offering, because it was slaughtered on the north side of the Temple Courtyard. The offering is "asleep" because the Israelites didn't offer them in Egypt. The "south wind," which needs to "come," signifies the shelamim, the peace offering, which was new.

Rabbi Abba bar Kahana, Rabbi Ḥanina bar Pappa, and Rabbi Yehoshua, citing Rabbi Levi, find support for Rabbi Yosei's position in Leviticus. When discussing the burnt offering, the Torah states, "This is the law of the burnt offering; it is the burnt offering" (Leviticus 6:2), implying it was offered from the beginning. But when it comes to the peace offering, it says, "This is the law of the peace offering that one shall offer to the Lord" (Leviticus 7:11), suggesting it's something new, "from here forward."

Rabbi Elazar, however, interprets the verse allegorically. The "north wind" represents the exiles returning from the north, as (Jeremiah 31:7) prophesies. It also symbolizes Gog and Magog, who will awaken in the north and fall in the south (Ezekiel 39:2), and the messianic king, who will come from the north to build the Temple in the south (Isaiah 41:25).

Rabbi Huna, in the name of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Rabbi Binyamin bar Levi, offers a beautiful vision of the future. In this world, the north and south winds don't blow together. But in the future, God will bring a unique wind that combines both, as (Isaiah 43:6) says: "I will say to the north: Give, and to the south: Do not withhold."

Finally, Rabbi Yoḥanan draws a lesson in etiquette from the verse: “Let my beloved come to his garden." He argues that a bridegroom should not enter the wedding canopy until the bride gives permission. The proof? The following verse begins, “I came to my garden, my sister, my bride,” implying that he entered only after receiving her consent. (Song of Songs 5:1)

So, what do we take away from this interplay of interpretations? Perhaps it’s not just about whether Noah offered peace offerings. It’s about how we approach sacred texts, how we find meaning in the nuances of language, and how we connect ancient wisdom to our lives today. It's a reminder that even seemingly simple verses can hold layers of profound insight, waiting to be uncovered by thoughtful inquiry and passionate debate.

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Shir HaShirim Rabbah 2:17Shir HaShirim Rabbah

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022 · CC-BY

The verse in question is (Song of Songs 2:17): "Until the day is great and the shadows flee, turn, my beloved, and be like a gazelle or a fawn on the cleft mountains.” Now, The first reading, it's beautiful, poetic imagery. But as always, the rabbis find layers of meaning within.

The phrase “Until the day is great [sheyafuaḥ],” sparks a fascinating discussion between Rabbi Yudan and Rabbi Berekhya. Rabbi Yudan interprets sheyafuaḥ as "Until I introduce a breeze [piḥa] into the night of the kingdoms." He sees it as God intervening to speed up redemption. Remember the story of the Exodus? God promised Abraham that his descendants would be in exile for 400 years (Genesis 15:13), but Rabbi Yudan points out that they were actually in Egypt for only 210. Did God "introduce a breeze" to shorten their suffering?

What about "the shadows flee"? Rabbi Yudan sees those shadows as the harsh realities of slavery – the mortar and bricks, the backbreaking labor. Rabbi Ḥelbo adds another layer, connecting the shadows to not just Egypt, but to the "four kingdoms" destined to persecute Israel: Babylonia, Persia, Greece, and Rome. He finds a hint of this in (Genesis 15:14), where the verse could have simply said "the nation," but instead says "and also the nation," implying the inclusion of these future oppressors.

It also echoes the idea that even times of relative peace – "cities prepared for them," as Rabbi Yudan puts it, referencing the time of Joseph in Egypt – are still part of the larger period of exile.

Then comes the plea: "Turn, my beloved, and be like a gazelle." Here, the rabbis see a shift from God's attribute of justice to the attribute of mercy. The quickness of a gazelle, the agility of a fawn – it's all about accelerating redemption. Rabbi Yosei ben Rabbi Ḥanina specifies "like the offspring of a hind," emphasizing the youth and vitality associated with this swift deliverance.

And those "cleft mountains [bater]?" Rabbi Yudan connects this to the Covenant of the Pieces (Brit bein HaBetarim) with Abraham (Genesis 15:18), the very foundation of the relationship between God and the Jewish people.

Rabbi Berekhya offers a different take on "until the day is great," linking it to divine fury. He quotes Ezekiel (21:36 and 22:20), speaking of God's fiery breath. The "shadows" in this interpretation become the shadows of sorrow and sighing, the emotional toll of exile. And Rabbi Yudan adds yet another layer to the "cleft mountains," suggesting that the kingdoms will be held in abeyance "until after [batar] their treasures." They will be judged only after they have received their due reward in this world for any good deeds they may have performed. Rabbi Levi bar Ḥaita connects this to the eventual fall of Rome.

But perhaps the most chilling interpretation comes from Rabbi Berekhya, who says that even if God only had what the Romans did in Beitar against them, His judgment would be justified. What happened in Beitar? Rabbi Yoḥanan tells us that Emperor Hadrian killed four million people there. Four million. The scale of the tragedy is almost incomprehensible. Beitar became a symbol of devastating loss and the consequences of rebellion against Rome during the Bar Kokhba revolt.

So, what does all this mean for us today? This passage from Shir HaShirim Rabbah isn't just ancient history. It's a call to hope, to remember the covenants of the past, and to trust that even when shadows seem overwhelming, the day will eventually break. And maybe, just maybe, a breeze will come to speed things along.

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Shir HaShirim Rabbah 4:4Shir HaShirim Rabbah

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022 · CC-BY

Jewish tradition sees it as an allegory, a story of the love between God and Israel. And within its verses, we find echoes of the Temple, its destruction, and the hope for redemption. to a fascinating interpretation found in Shir HaShirim Rabbah, a collection of rabbinic teachings on the Song of Songs. It begins with the verse, "Behind your braid your hair is like a flock of goats that streams down from Mount Gilad" (Song of Songs 4:1). The Rabbis, in their insightful way, connect "streams down" (shegaleshu) to the idea of removing something (shegelashtem). What was removed from Mount Gilad? The Midrash (rabbinic interpretive commentary) suggests it's the Temple in Jerusalem!

The Temple, the place from which God's awe emanates, as it says, "You are awesome, God, from Your Temple" (Psalms 68:36). Shir HaShirim Rabbah emphasizes the sanctity of the Temple, even in its destruction, quoting, "You shall observe My Sabbaths and you shall revere My Sanctuary" (Leviticus 26:2) – "as it is sanctified in its destruction just as it was sanctified while it was built." Even in ruins, its holiness persists. And if God didn't spare His own Temple, imagine the fate awaiting those who destroyed it!

What was it, specifically, that was "taken away" from the Temple? Ah, The Midrash continues by referencing "Your teeth are like a flock of ordered ewes" (Song of Songs 4:2), interpreting this to mean the vestments of the High Priest. These weren't just fancy clothes; according to the Rabbis, they had the power to atone for specific sins.

The Talmud (Yoma 71b) details the eight vestments of the High Priest and the four worn by a common priest. what the Rabbis said each one atoned for.

The tunic, for example, atoned for murderers. Or, according to another opinion, for those who wear garments of mixed fibers – shaatnez as it's known in Hebrew. The trousers atoned for forbidden sexual relations, reminding us of the verse, "Make them linen trousers to cover the flesh of their nakedness" (Exodus 28:42). The mitre? It atoned for the haughty, as the verse states, "You shall place the mitre on his head" (Exodus 29:6).

And what about the sash? Well, some say it atoned for thieves, because it had hidden spaces within it, like the secret actions of a thief. Others say it atoned for criminal thoughts. Rabbi Levi explained that the sash was incredibly long, wrapped around the priest many times, representing the twisted thoughts of those with dishonest intent.

The breastplate atoned for those who distort justice, directly linked to the verse, "You shall place in the breastplate of judgment" (Exodus 28:30). The ephod atoned for idol worshippers, connecting to Hosea's words, "No ephod and no terafim" (Hosea 3:4) – terafim being household idols.

The robe, according to Rabbi Simon in the name of Rabbi Yonatan of Beit Guvrin, atoned for evil speech. There was no specific atonement for evil speech, but the Torah designated the sound of the bells on the robe to atone for it: "It shall be upon Aaron to serve, and its sound shall be heard…" (Exodus 28:35). The sound of the bells would counteract the sound of gossip and slander. He makes a similar point regarding unintentional manslaughter: The death of the High Priest atones for this sin, as it says, "He shall dwell in it until the death of the High Priest" (Numbers 35:25).

Finally, the frontplate atoned for the impudent, or, according to another opinion, for blasphemers. The Midrash draws a parallel between "On Aaron’s forehead (metzaḥ)" (Exodus 28:38) and "Yet you had the impudence (metzaḥ) of a harlot…" (Jeremiah 3:3). In the case of blasphemers, the Midrash connects the frontplate to the story of David and Goliath, where the stone "penetrated his forehead" (I (Samuel 17:4)9).

Speaking of Goliath, the Midrash even explores why he fell on his face! Rather than backward, as one might expect. Rabbi Huna says it’s because Dagon, his god, was engraved on his heart, fulfilling the verse, "I will cast your carcasses upon the carcasses of your idols" (Leviticus 26:30). Another explanation is that God made him fall forward so David wouldn’t have to walk as far to cut off his head. And yet another: so that the mouth that blasphemed God would be buried in the dust. It's fascinating how the Rabbis find meaning in every detail!

The Midrash then returns to the Song of Songs, interpreting "That have come up from bathing" (Song of Songs 4:2) to mean that the priests and their vestments atone for Israel. "That are all paired" (Song of Songs 4:2) refers to the braided chains of gold on the breastplate, and "And there is none missing among them" (Song of Songs 4:2) signifies that none of the vestments were tattered. "Your lips are like a scarlet thread" (Song of Songs 4:3) alludes to the sacred crown, and "Your speech is lovely" (Song of Songs 4:3) is associated with the frontplate.

The Midrash concludes with a story about Rabbi Yonatan and a Cuthite (Samaritan) who tries to convince him to pray on Mount Gerizim instead of in Jerusalem. The Cuthite claims Mount Gerizim is blessed because it wasn't flooded during the Flood. Rabbi Yonatan's donkey driver cleverly refutes this argument, pointing out that either Mount Gerizim was a high mountain (and thus covered by the Flood) or a low mountain (and also covered, since the waters rose fifteen cubits). Impressed by the driver's wisdom, Rabbi Yonatan praises him with verses highlighting the blessings and intelligence found even among the seemingly ordinary people of Israel. "Your temple is like a pomegranate slice" (Song of Songs 4:3) – even the empty among Israel is packed with answers like a pomegranate.

So, what do we take away from all this? It’s more than just ancient interpretations of a biblical love poem. It is a reminder of the power of symbolism, the enduring sanctity of sacred spaces, and the profound wisdom found within Jewish tradition. It’s evidence of the idea that even in destruction, there is hope, and even in the simplest among us, there is the potential for extraordinary insight. And maybe, just maybe, it encourages us to look a little deeper, to find the hidden meanings in the everyday moments of our own lives.

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