The Targum's version of (Numbers 34) maps the Promised Land's borders with a level of geographic specificity that goes far beyond the Torah's terse boundary markers. The southern border ran from "the Wilderness of Palms, by the iron mountain, at the confines of Edom," through "the ascent of Akrabbith" and the "palms of the mountain of iron," then southward of "Rekem Giah" to "the tower of Adar" and onward to "Kesam." Where the Torah gives a handful of place names, the Targum provides a detailed route.
The western border is the most poetic. The Targum describes the Great Sea—the Mediterranean—and then expands: "its limits are the waters of the beginning with the waters of old which are in its depth; its capes and havens, its creeks and its cities, its islands and ports, its ships and its recesses." This is not just a boundary line. It is a portrait of an entire coastline, with its harbors and islands and hidden coves, all belonging to Israel's inheritance. The ocean itself, with its primordial depths, formed the wall of the western frontier.
The northern border reads like a Roman-era travel guide. From the Great Sea to Mount Umanis, then through landmarks including "Kadkor of Bar Zahama" and "Kadkol of Bar Sanigora" and "Divakinos and Tarnegola unto Kesarin"—the Targum identifies Caesarea as a northern boundary marker—then up to "Abelas of Cilicia." The border continued to "Keren Zekutha" and "Gibra Hatmona," ending between "the towers of Hinvetha and Damascus."
The eastern border descended from Hinvetha to "Apamea"—a Hellenistic city name—then to "Dophne," the "cavern of Panias" (modern Banias), the "mountain of snow" (Mount Hermon), and down to encompass "the Sea of Genesar" (the Sea of Galilee). The Jordan River formed the eastern wall, emptying into the Dead Sea.
The Targum then summarizes the entire land in four compass points: "Rekem Giah on the south, Mount Umanos on the north, the Great Sea on the west, the Sea of Salt on the east." The tribal princes appointed to divide the land are listed, with Caleb son of Jephunneh leading for Judah and Joshua son of Nun overseeing the whole operation alongside Elazar the priest.