Parshat Chayei Sarah5 min read

Sarah Was a Prophetess Who Saw What Abraham Could Not

Abraham prayed for a foreign king, and every closed womb in that palace opened. Sarah was still barren, and the angels took it up with God.

Curated by Arthur · Told by Maggid ·
Table of Contents
  1. The Women Sarah Made in Haran
  2. The Slave Who Stopped Lowering Her Eyes
  3. The Laugh Behind the Tent Flap
  4. A Foreign King's House Opened First
  5. The Angels Raised Their Voices
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The Women Sarah Made in Haran

In Haran, Abraham argued in the open. He took the men out under the trees where a crowd could gather, and he took their gods apart in front of them. Sarah worked in the rooms he could not enter. She sat with the women over bread and wool and sick children, and one at a time they came out of those rooms worshipping something else.

When the household packed for Canaan it was larger than the household that had come to Haran. Herds, goods, and people. Not people bought. People made. He had made the men and she had made the women, and neither of them could have done the other half of that work.

She was sixty-five and she had no child.

The Slave Who Stopped Lowering Her Eyes

Ten more years in Canaan and nothing. So Sarah did the arithmetic herself and put her Egyptian slave Hagar into her husband's bed. She would rear whatever came of it. That was the plan, and it was hers, and it worked.

Hagar conceived. Then Hagar stopped lowering her eyes.

Sarah would not trade insults with a slave. She went to Abraham. "It is you who are doing me wrong," she said. "You hear what she says and you say nothing against it, and I hoped you would take my part. For your sake I left my birthplace and my father's house. In Egypt I said I was your sister so that no harm would come to you. When I saw that I would bear no children I gave you the Egyptian woman myself, and told myself I would rear what she bore. Now she holds me in contempt in front of you. Let God look at the wrong done to me and judge between you and me."

He told her the woman was in her hands. Sarah dealt hard with her, and Hagar ran, and out in the wilderness by a spring a voice found her and turned her back. An angel, or Noah's son Shem in his study house. Not God's own mouth. God did not speak to women.

The Laugh Behind the Tent Flap

Years later three men stood at the tent door in the heat of the day, and one of them said that when he came back in a season Sarah would have a son. She was behind the flap, listening. She was old. Her husband was old. What they were promising had gone out of her body a long time earlier, and she laughed inside herself where nobody could hear it.

The visitor asked Abraham why his wife had laughed.

Sarah came out and said she had not laughed. She was frightened.

Then a voice answered her directly, over her husband's head. "No. You laughed." He did not call her a liar and He did not say it twice. He set the thing down in front of her and let her look at it. In all the long history of that household it was the only time He spoke straight to a woman, and it took a denial to draw Him out.

A Foreign King's House Opened First

Later Abimelech of Gerar took Sarah into his palace, because Abraham had said again that she was his sister. God came to the king in a dream that night and told him he was a dead man. The king sent her back at dawn with sheep and oxen and a thousand pieces of silver, and every womb in his house had been shut while she was under his roof.

Abraham prayed for him. The wombs opened. The queen bore. The slave women bore. The palace filled with the noise of infants inside a year.

Sarah walked back to her own tent with the silver and nothing in her arms.

The Angels Raised Their Voices

The angels had been keeping the account and they refused to hold their peace. It was the first of the year, the day the world's portions are ruled on in heaven, and they cried out at the throne. "Master of the world. All these years Sarah has been barren, exactly as that man's wife was barren. Abraham prayed, and Abimelech's wife has been granted a child. It is only right that Sarah be remembered too."

She was remembered that day.

The boy came at the set season. At ninety she nursed him herself, in the open, in front of everyone who had written her off, and the laugh she had denied at the tent door she hung on him for a name.

Centuries later a priest at the Nikanor gate would stand a suspected wife by herself, with no maidservant beside her to stiffen her nerve, and measure out barley flour for her offering, and pour no oil on it and set no frankincense beside it. Oil was light, and she had chosen the dark. Frankincense stood for the four mothers, and Sarah stood at the head of them. A woman who had walked off their road did not get their names burning on the altar with her grain.


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The texts behind this telling. Some cards carry a translation of the source; others are our own retelling of it, and each card says which. Every card links out to the original.

Bamidbar Rabbah 9:13Bamidbar Rabbah

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022 · CC-BY

Especially when we explore the curious case of the sotah – the suspected adulteress – in Numbers chapter 5. It’s a wild ride, full of ritual, suspicion, and a whole lot of barley flour.

"The man shall bring his wife to the priest, and he shall bring her offering on her behalf, one-tenth of an ephah of barley flour; he shall not pour oil upon it, and he shall not place frankincense upon it, for it is a meal offering of jealousy, a meal offering of remembrance, a reminder of iniquity" (Numbers 5:15).

Before we even get to the sotah ritual itself, Bamidbar Rabbah 9 points out something interesting. The preceding verses discuss a man's sacred items going to the priest. "A man’s sacred items shall be his; [anything that a man gives the priest shall be his]" (Numbers 5:10). The Midrash (rabbinic interpretive commentary) asks, do Israelites even eat sacred items? Of course not! The text is teaching us that if you bring vow offerings, gift offerings, and first fruits to the priest willingly and generously, you will be blessed. The reward? Priestly descendants! As the text says, "His daughters will marry priests, and his grandchildren will be priests." People who partake of sacred items.

If you skimp on your obligations, if you mock the mitzvot (commandments) and don’t bring those sacred items, then ultimately, "the man shall bring his wife to the priest"… in a very different context. An entrance not opened for mitzvot is opened for… trouble. Money not spent on good deeds ends up going to the doctor, says the Midrash. Ouch.

And then, the offering itself. "And he shall bring her offering on her behalf." It has to come from his resources. He didn't share his harvest with the priest before, and now he's got to spend money on this whole ordeal! What's that about?

Notice the unusual composition of the offering. "One-tenth of an ephah of barley flour." Why barley? The Midrash connects it to the Ten Commandments. The woman’s transgression, if she committed it, is seen as a violation of those fundamental principles. And why barley flour specifically? Because, as Bamidbar Rabbah suggests, she fed her lover delicacies, so she gets the animal feed equivalent in her offering. Ouch, again!

And there’s more. "He shall not pour oil upon it, and he shall not place frankincense upon it." Now, Rabbi Shimon has an interesting take: Normally, an offering from a sinner should include oil and frankincense, so they aren't rewarded for their sins. So why the exception here? The Midrash explains that it's so her offering won’t be glorified. Oil is a source of light. The Hebrew word, yitzhar, shares a root with words like tzohorayim (noon) and tzohar (a source of light). But if she has chosen darkness, then her offering gets no light. And frankincense? That evokes the matriarchs – Sarah, Rebecca, Leah, and Rachel. "I will go to the mountain of myrrh," (Song of Songs 4:6), says the text, referring to the patriarchs, "and to the hill of frankincense," referring to the matriarchs. If she has strayed from their path, let their memory not be present in her offering. Frankincense, after all, is linked to memory. As we see in (Leviticus 2:2), "The priest shall burn its memorial portion [azkarata] on the altar."

"For it is a meal offering of jealousy [kenaot]." The Midrash emphasizes that this is a double jealousy. It's the husband’s jealousy, of course, but it's also the paramour's! He, too, faces consequences if she's found guilty. And just as she provoked jealousy down here on Earth, she also provoked zealotry [kina] above, in the heavens.

Then comes the "meal offering of remembrance." If she's innocent, it's a remembrance for the good. But if she’s guilty, it’s a "reminder of iniquity." It’s a fork in the road, a moment of truth.

Finally, "The priest shall bring her near and have her stand before the Lord" (Numbers 5:16). She doesn't get to waltz in during a festive pilgrimage, surrounded by crowds. The priest doesn't wait for a more dramatic moment. He brings her before God at the first chance he gets. And "have her stand" means she stands alone. No supportive slaves or maidservants to embolden her. She stands "before the Lord" – specifically, at the Nikanor Gate. A humbling and exposed position.

What's so powerful about this whole sotah narrative is how it holds a mirror up to our own lives. Are we investing in the things that truly matter? Are we choosing light over darkness? Are we honoring the legacies of those who came before us? And are we mindful of the consequences – both earthly and spiritual – of our choices?

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Bereshit Rabbah 20:6Bereshit Rabbah

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022 · CC-BY

Why does (Genesis 3:16) say, "To the woman He said: I will increase your suffering and your pregnancy; in pain you shall give birth to children, and your desire shall be for your husband, and he shall rule over you?" It's a tough verse, and Jewish tradition grapples with it in fascinating ways.

One intriguing idea, found in Bereshit Rabbah, a classic collection of Rabbinic interpretations of Genesis, questions whether God even speaks directly to women at all! Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon and Rabbi Yoḥanan, citing Rabbi Elazar ben Rabbi Simon, suggest that God only spoke directly to Sarah, and even then, only because it was necessary.

Why? Well, God had been talking to Abraham about why Sarah laughed when she overheard that she would conceive in her old age (Genesis 18:13). Sarah denied it: "I did not laugh" (Genesis 18:15). So, according to this reading, God had to set the record straight: "No, but you did laugh" (Genesis 18:15). Rabbi Abba bar Kahana, in the name of Rabbi Yitzḥak, even points out that God spoke to her indirectly! Instead of a direct "Yes, you laughed," it was a roundabout way of saying the same thing.

Wait! What about Hagar? Doesn't (Genesis 16:13) say, "She called the name of the Lord, who spoke to her?" Rabbi Yehoshua bar Rabbi Neḥemya, in the name of Rabbi Idi, explains that God spoke to her through an angel. And Rabbi Elazar, citing Rabbi Yosei ben Zimra, suggests it was through Shem, Noah's son! The text implies that Hagar consulted with Shem, who was a spiritual leader in that era.

Let’s dig deeper into that loaded phrase, "I will increase [harba arbe] your suffering and your pregnancy." Rabbi Abba bar Kahana, again in the name of Rabbi Shmuel, offers a fascinating insight: "Any fetus who has reached harba, I shall grant it growth [arbe]." He connects this to the gestation period, suggesting that a fetus born after 212 days – the numerical value of the Hebrew word harba – can survive. It's a very early understanding of premature birth!

Rabbi Huna adds to this, noting that if a fetus is "formed" to be born after nine months but comes early at seven or eight, it won't survive. However, if "formed" to be born after seven months, it has a chance even if born later.

They even asked Rabbi Abahu where this idea comes from! He cleverly uses Greek: zeta, the seventh letter, sounds like "live," while eta, the eighth letter, sounds like "dying." It's a playful, almost poetic way to understand the fragility of life.

Rabbi Berekhya, in the name of Rabbi Shmuel, then throws another number into the mix, suggesting that a woman will always give birth after 271, 272, or 273 days – nine months plus a few days for conception.

There's even a story about Ḥiyya bar Ada, who was struggling to understand something Rav was teaching because he was worried about his donkey giving birth! He knew that sometimes a donkey gives birth early (after a lunar year) and sometimes late (after a solar year), an eleven day range! Rav challenged him, citing (Job 39:1-2), which seems to imply a set term for animal pregnancies. Ḥiyya bar Ada cleverly replies that Job is speaking of small animals, and he is speaking of a large, non-kosher one.

The text then returns to the Genesis verse, unpacking the layers of suffering: "Your suffering" is the pain of conception; "and your pregnancy" is the discomfort of menstruation; "in pain" is the pain of miscarriage; "you shall give birth" is the pain of childbirth; "to children" is the difficulty of raising children.

Finally, Rabbi Elazar ben Rabbi Shimon offers a striking thought: It's easier for a man to support an entire legion with olives in the Galilee than to raise one child in the Land of Israel. It's a powerful statement about the immense challenges and responsibilities of parenthood.

So, what do we take away from this deep dive into Bereshit Rabbah 20? It’s not just a simple explanation of a difficult verse. It's a glimpse into how the Rabbis wrestled with questions of divine communication, the mysteries of childbirth, and the profound complexities of human life. It's a reminder that even the most challenging texts can offer surprising insights when we approach them with curiosity and a willingness to explore.

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Legends of the Jews 5:190Legends of the Jews

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Legends of the Jews by Louis Ginzberg (1909) · Public Domain

The angels in heaven apparently felt that way on behalf of Sarah.

The familiar version gives us Abraham. The patriarch, the man of faith. Well, there's a fascinating little aside in Legends of the Jews by Ginzberg that I think you'll appreciate. It's all about a moment of divine intervention, a bit of cosmic accounting, if you will.

So, Abraham prays for Abimelech, king of the Philistines, who was unwell. God answers Abraham's prayer, and Abimelech recovers. Great. A mitzvah! A good deed!

The angels? They weren't so sure.

According to Ginzberg, they raised a ruckus, a loud cry, and said to God, "O Lord of the world! All these years has Sarah been barren, just like Abimelech's wife was. Now Abraham prayed, and Abimelech's wife has been granted a child? It is only fair that Sarah should be remembered and granted a child, too!"

Talk about speaking truth to power!

And when did this happen? On Rosh Hashanah, the New Year! That pivotal moment when, as the angels pointed out, the fortunes of humankind are decided in heaven for the entire year. What a time to make your case!

Did their plea work? Absolutely.

Ginzberg tells us that barely seven months later, on the first day of Passover, Isaac was born. Isn't that amazing? A divine response, timed perfectly, arriving on another hugely significant holiday.

About the power of prayer, sure, but also about the importance of speaking up for what’s just. And about the divine timing of things. Maybe, just maybe, the things we're waiting for are also being discussed in the heavenly court, right now. Maybe our moment is coming, timed perfectly, just like Isaac's birth on Passover.

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Bereshit Rabbah 39:14Bereshit Rabbah

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022 · CC-BY

It’s more profound than it first appears. (Genesis 12:5) tells us, “Abram took Sarai his wife, and Lot, son of his brother, and all their property that they had acquired, and the people that they had made in Ḥaran; they departed to go to the land of Canaan and they came to the land of Canaan.” But it’s that phrase, “the people that they had made in Ḥaran,” that has sparked centuries of fascinating discussion.

What does it mean that they "made" people? Did Abraham and Sarah suddenly develop the ability to create life? Of course not! Rabbi Elazar bar Zimra poses a powerful challenge in Bereshit Rabbah: If all the people on earth gathered together, could they create even a single gnat and breathe a soul into it? No way! So, what’s going on here?

The explanation lies in understanding the depth of conversion. The text isn't talking about physical creation, but spiritual creation. "The people that they had made" refers to the proselytes, the converts, that Abraham and Sarah brought into their belief.

Then the question arises: If it means converts, why does the Torah use the word "made"? Why not just say "that they converted"? Here’s where it gets really interesting. The rabbis explain that anyone who draws an idol worshipper near and converts him, it is as though he has created him. It’s not just about changing someone's mind; it’s about giving them a whole new spiritual life, a new identity, a new purpose. It's an act of profound creation.

Okay, so if it’s about creating a new spiritual life, why doesn’t the Torah say “that he made”? Why "they?" Rav Huna offers a beautiful insight: Abraham converted the men, and Sarah converted the women. Each played a vital role in this spiritual rebirth, a collaborative effort to build a community of faith.

The idea that converting someone is akin to creating them is a powerful one. It elevates the act of welcoming others into our community to something truly sacred. It suggests that when we open our hearts and minds to those seeking a new path, we are participating in an act of creation, bringing forth something new and beautiful into the world.

Perhaps it's a reminder that extending a hand to those seeking meaning and purpose is one of the most profound things we can do. It’s not just about sharing our beliefs; it’s about helping to shape a new spiritual identity, a new life. And that, my friends, is an act of creation in its truest form.

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Pesikta DeRav Kahana 20:1Pesikta de-Rav Kahana

Translation of the source text.Sefaria-hosted English translation · CC-BY

"Sing, O barren one." [1] "He sets the barren woman of the house as a joyful mother of children" (Psalms 113:9). There are seven barren women: Sarah, Rebekah, Rachel, and Leah, and the wife of Manoah, and Hannah, and Zion.

Another interpretation: "He sets the barren woman of the house" (ibid.) refers to our mother Sarah, "And Sarai was barren" (Genesis 11:30). "A joyful mother of children" (Psalms ibid.) refers to "Sarah has nursed children" (Genesis 21:7).

Another interpretation: "He sets the barren woman of the house" (Psalms ibid.) refers to Rebekah, "And Isaac entreated the LORD for his wife, because she was barren" (Genesis 25:21). "A joyful mother of children" (Psalms ibid.): "And the LORD was entreated of him, and Rebekah his wife conceived" (Genesis ibid.).

Another interpretation: "He sets the barren woman of the house" (Psalms ibid.) refers to Leah, "And the LORD saw that Leah was hated, and He opened her womb" (Genesis 29:31) -- from here that Leah was barren. "A joyful mother of children" (Psalms ibid.): "for I have borne him six sons" (Genesis 30:20).

Another interpretation: "He sets the barren woman of the house" (Psalms ibid.) refers to Rachel, "and Rachel was barren" (Genesis 29:31). "A joyful mother of children" (Psalms ibid.): "the sons of Rachel, Joseph and Benjamin" (Genesis 35:24).

Another interpretation: "He sets the barren woman of the house" (Psalms ibid.) refers to the wife of Manoah, "And the angel of the LORD appeared to the woman, and said to her, Behold now, you are barren and have not borne" (Judges 13:3). "A joyful mother of children" (Psalms ibid.): "and you shall conceive and bear a son" (Judges ibid.).

Another interpretation: "He sets the barren woman of the house" (Psalms 113:9) refers to Hannah, "And Peninnah had children, but Hannah had no children" (1 Samuel 1:2). "A joyful mother of children" (Psalms 113:9): "and she conceived and bore three sons and two daughters" (1 Samuel 2:21).

Another interpretation: "He sets the barren woman of the house" (Psalms ibid.) refers to Zion, "Sing, O barren one who did not bear" (Isaiah 54:1). "A joyful mother of children": "and you will say in your heart, Who has borne me these, [and the rest]" (Isaiah 49:21).

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