The Targum Jonathan on (Deuteronomy 10) buries an entire civil war inside what the Hebrew Bible treats as a simple travel itinerary. The Hebrew says Israel "journeyed from Beeroth Bene-jaakan to Moserah; there Aaron died." The Targum tells a very different story.
When Aaron died, the Cloud of Glory—the divine cloud that had protected Israel throughout the wilderness—departed. Amalek, who ruled in Arad, heard that Aaron was dead and the cloud was gone. He attacked immediately. The Israelites who were traumatized by the battle panicked and tried to march back to Egypt. They retreated six full journeys toward slavery.
But the tribe of Levi chased after them and fought them. The Targum gives specific casualties: the Levites killed eight families of fleeing Israelites. Four Levite families died in the fighting. Then both sides stopped and asked each other: "What hath been the cause of this slaughter?" The answer: "Because we have been remiss in the mourning for Aaron the Saint."
The entire disaster—Amalek's attack, Israel's retreat, the civil war between Levi and the other tribes—happened because Israel did not mourn Aaron properly. So they went back and observed a full mourning for Aaron. Eleazar his son took over the priesthood. The crisis ended.
None of this is in the Hebrew Bible. The Targum constructed an entire narrative to explain why the travel itinerary seems disordered and why Aaron's death is mentioned in a list of place names. The answer: Aaron's death nearly destroyed the nation.
The chapter then shifts to the replacement tablets. Moses says he broke the first set "with thy entire strength"—the Targum emphasizing that the breaking was deliberate and forceful, not accidental. The new tablets were marble, like the first. And the Targum specifies that after placing them in the ark, "there are they laid up, hidden"—using language that hints at the eventual concealment of the ark itself.
The theology closes with a striking image: "the heavens, and the heavens of the heavens, are the Lord's your God, and the hosts of angels are in them to minister before Him." The Hebrew says the heavens belong to God. The Targum populates them with angelic hosts—layers of heaven, each filled with servants.