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Israel Begged for the Banner of Love and Woe Came With It

Rabbi Abahu opened a cellar of seventy casks and found sixty-nine gone to vinegar. That one surviving barrel is the whole reason Israel got its flags.

Curated by Arthur · Told by Maggid ·
Table of Contents
  1. Twenty-Two Myriads Came Down Under Flags
  2. Sixty-Nine Casks of Vinegar
  3. The Finger That Should Have Cost a Boy His Life
  4. The Firstborn Cried Woe on the Day the House Was Finished
  5. The Nations Did the Arithmetic
  6. The Shepherd Counted What the Wolf Left
Israel Begged for the Banner of Love and Woe Came With It Click for full size

Twenty-Two Myriads Came Down Under Flags

The mountain shook and the sky filled with formations. Twenty-two myriads of angels came down with the Holy One at Sinai, and they did not arrive as a crowd. Each company came under its own standard, colors ordered, ranks holding their spacing in the air.

Israel stood in the dust at the foot of the mountain and looked up at that, and what rose in them was not fear. It was envy. If only we could stand in banners like them.

God heard it. "You have wanted banners," He said. "By your life, I will grant what you wanted." Then He turned to Moses. Go down and arrange them under standards, the way they asked.

Sixty-Nine Casks of Vinegar

Rabbi Abahu, teaching in Caesarea, wanted to say what that favor was worth, and the picture he reached for was not flattering.

A wealthy man walks down into his own wine cellar to check the stock. He lifts a lid. Vinegar. He lifts the next. Vinegar. He goes down the whole row in that sour smell, prying and setting the lids back, and every cask in the storehouse has turned. At the door, on his way out, he opens one last barrel and it is wine.

"For me," he says, "this one cask is worth a full storehouse."

Count the word for wine, yayin, and the letters come to seventy. Seventy nations were made. The banner is the cloth thrown over the one barrel that a man carries up the stairs himself.

The Finger That Should Have Cost a Boy His Life

Rabbi Hanina turned the same verse toward something small enough to miss. Point a finger at a king's portrait in the old empires and they killed you for it. The image was the man. You did not touch it and you did not aim anything at it.

Then he set beside that a room full of children in a study hall, running a finger along the line, stopping on the Name, saying it out and moving on. Nobody stops them. God looks at the small hand on the page and calls the finger beloved.

Rabbi Yisakhar took it further down. A man sits with the text and cannot hold a straight course. He skips from one ruling to another, from a verse here to a verse three columns over, doubling back, losing the thread. Even his skipping, God said, is dear to Me.

The Firstborn Cried Woe on the Day the House Was Finished

On the first of Nisan the Tabernacle went up. Boards into sockets, curtains hung, the Ark carried in, fire falling on the altar. Trumpets. A cloud settling over the tent.

Underneath the noise, the firstborn of Israel said woe.

They had served. Before there was a priesthood, the young men of Israel had brought up burnt offerings on the open altars, and those young men were the firstborn. On the day the tent was finished, the service passed to Aaron and his sons, and the men who had carried it stood in the crowd and watched somebody else climb the ramp.

Rabbi Abba bar Mamal said why. They had sacrificed to the calf, and it cost them the priesthood. The disqualification held for centuries afterward. Priests who served idols in the first Temple were shut out of the second, and Ezekiel named the ones who would be let back in: the sons of Zadok, who kept the watch when Israel went astray.

The Nations Did the Arithmetic

Outside the camp, the nations of the world said woe too, and their reasoning was cold and correct.

Until now, they said, He stood over them and fought their wars from somewhere above. Now they have built Him a house and He has moved into the middle of the camp. If He fought like that from a distance, what will He do from inside the tent?

The Shepherd Counted What the Wolf Left

At Shittim a prince of Simeon walked a Midianite woman past Moses and the whole weeping assembly, and the plague started moving through the tents. The elders were still arguing over whether the man had made himself liable when Phinehas took a spear and went in after him.

The dying stopped. Then somebody had to count.

Twenty-four thousand. A wolf gets into the flock, and when it is over the owner turns to the shepherd and says, work out how many are missing. One man and a borrowed tent, and twenty-four thousand of the people they had begged banners for were carried out and tallied.

God said the counting belongs to this world only. There is a day coming when the number of the children of Israel will be like the sand of the sea, which cannot be measured and cannot be counted at all.


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The texts behind this telling. Some cards carry a translation of the source; others are our own retelling of it, and each card says which. Every card links out to the original.

Bamidbar Rabbah 2:3Bamidbar Rabbah

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022 · CC-BY

It might seem like a minor detail, but according to Jewish tradition, it reveals something profound about God's love for His people.

Bamidbar Rabbah, a collection of rabbinic interpretations on the Book of Numbers. Here, the Rabbis explore the verse "He brought me to the banquet house, and his banner of love is upon me" (Song of Songs 2:4). But what does it really mean?

Rabbi Abahu uses a striking analogy. Imagine a wealthy man who discovers his vast wine cellar is full of vinegar – except for one precious barrel of fine wine. That single barrel, he declares, is as dear to him as the entire storehouse. Similarly, God created seventy nations, but He finds pleasure only in Israel. Where do we get the number seventy? Rabbi Abahu points out that the numerical value of the Hebrew word for wine, yayin (יַיִן), is seventy (yod-ten, yod-ten, and nun-fifty). Of all those nations, "His banner of love is upon me" – Israel.

Rabbi Yehuda offers another interpretation, linking the "banquet house" to Mount Sinai, where Moses received the Torah, which can be expounded in forty-nine different ways. And again, "his banner of love is upon me." It's as if the Torah itself is a banner of God's affection.

Then we have Rabbi Ḥanina with a powerful image. In ancient times, pointing at the king’s image was a capital offense! But children in the study hall point to God’s name in the texts. Instead of being angered, God says, “His banner of love is upon me” – his finger, vegudalo, is beloved by Me. Notice the play on words here. The Hebrew words for "his banner" (vediglo) and "his finger" (vegudalo) share the same letters. The love is in the details!

Rabbi Yisakhar adds that even someone who skips around in their Torah study, jumping umdaleg from halakha (Jewish law) to halakha and from verse to verse, is dear to God. Even their skipping, dilugo, is beloved. It’s not about perfection; it’s about the effort and the connection. (Again, we see that wordplay, vediglo and dilugo).

The text continues, emphasizing that while all nations have banners, only the banner of Jacob – that is, Israel – is dear to God. Why?

The Midrash (rabbinic commentary) then takes us back to Mount Sinai. When God appeared, twenty-two myriads of angels descended with Him, arranged according to banners, as it says, “Preeminent [dagul] among a myriad” (Song of Songs 5:10). Seeing this, the Israelites yearned for their own banners. "If only we could be arranged according to banners like them," they cried. And God, hearing their desire, promised to fulfill it. That’s why He instructed Moses to organize them into tribes, each with its own distinct banner.

So, what’s the takeaway? It’s not just about flags and formations. It's about God's intimate and particular love for Israel, expressed through order, identity, and even their deepest desires. The act of arranging them under banners was an act of love, a way of showing that each tribe, each individual, had a place and purpose within the larger whole. And it all began with a yearning, a desire to be closer to the Divine. Don't you find that inspiring?

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Bamidbar Rabbah 12:7Bamidbar Rabbah

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022 · CC-BY

The ancient rabbis grappled with that feeling too, especially when things were going well for the Israelites. Take the story in Bamidbar Rabbah 12, which begins with a single, loaded word: “Vayhi.” It’s often translated simply as “and it was,” but in this context, it carries a weight of sorrow. Vayhi – there was woe [vai haya].

Who uttered this "woe?" According to Rabbi Avin, it was, in a manner of speaking, God Himself. Why? Rabbi Avin offers a parable. Imagine a king with a difficult, complaining wife. He asks her to make him a royal purple garment. She works on it diligently, without a peep of complaint. But when she finishes and presents it to him, the king cries out, "Woe!" He fears she will revert to her old, contentious ways.

The Israelites, the story goes, were constantly complaining. We see it in (Exodus 15:24), "The people complained against Moses." And again in (Exodus 16:2), "The entire congregation of the children of Israel complained against Moses and against Aaron." Even as far as (Numbers 17:6), "You have killed the people of the Lord."

Then God commands them to build a Sanctuary, a Mishkan, as it is written: “They shall craft a sanctuary for Me…” (Exodus 25:8). And while they are engaged in this sacred work, they don't complain. But when the Tabernacle is complete, God cries "Woe!" Let them not return to their old ways!

But that's not the only interpretation. The Bamidbar Rabbah offers other voices that cried out in woe.

The firstborn sons, for example. Before the Tabernacle, they held a special priestly role. Independent altars were permitted, and the firstborn performed the sacrifices, as (Exodus 24:5) states: “He sent the young men of the children of Israel, and they offered up burnt offerings…” And we see in (Exodus 19:24), "You shall ascend, and Aaron with you, but the priests and the people [shall not advance to ascend]." Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korḥa and Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi debated who these priests were, some saying the firstborn, and others Nadav and Avihu, the sons of Aaron.

But with the establishment of the Tabernacle and the formal priesthood of the Levites, the firstborn lost their unique status. Rabbi Abba bar Mamal connects it to the golden calf incident, saying the firstborn lost their priesthood because they sacrificed to the calf. We even find that priests who served idols in the First Temple were disqualified in the Second Temple, as (Ezekiel 44:15) tells us: “But the priests, the Levites, sons of Tzadok, [who kept the commission of My Sanctuary when the children of Israel strayed from Me, they shall approach Me to serve Me].” So, the firstborn shouted woe at the Tabernacle's erection – a lament for their lost privilege.

Even the angels cried out! They feared God would abandon them and descend to dwell on Earth. But God reassured them, saying, "As you live, the essence is on high," as it is written: “His glory covered the heavens” (Habakkuk 3:3), and then “His praise filled the earth” (Habakkuk 3:3). Or did He? Rabbi Simon, quoting Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi, suggests God misled them. (Psalm 148:13) says, "His glory is on earth and the heavens" – earth first, then the heavens. The angels' woe, then, is a cry of displacement, a fear of losing their unique connection to the Divine.

And finally, the nations of the world join in the lament. Why? Because before the Tabernacle, God fought their wars directly. Now that He dwells in the Israelites' midst, He will surely fight for them even more fiercely! Their "woe" is a cry of fear, a recognition of the enhanced power and protection now afforded to Israel.

So, what does this all mean? Vayhi. "And it was." But so much more than that. It's a reminder that even in moments of great joy and accomplishment, there can be undercurrents of loss, fear, and uncertainty. It's a recognition that progress often comes with a price, and that even the most sacred endeavors can stir up complex emotions. It asks us: What "woe" might be hiding beneath the surface of our own achievements? And how can we address those hidden anxieties and ensure that our blessings truly lead to greater good?

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Bamidbar Rabbah 20:25Bamidbar Rabbah

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022 · CC-BY

The story of Pinḥas (Phineas) in the book of Numbers is a wild ride, a tale of zealotry, divine intervention, and a whole lot of questions about what's right and wrong.

The scene is set during a troubling time for the Israelites. They're engaging in forbidden relationships with Midianite women and worshiping foreign gods. God is furious, and a plague breaks out. It's a mess. Right in the middle of this chaos, Zimri, a leader from the tribe of Simeon, brazenly brings a Midianite woman, Cozbi, into his tent in front of everyone. It's a public act of defiance.

Then comes Pinḥas. (Numbers 25:7) tells us, "Pinḥas, son of Elazar, son of Aaron the priest, saw, and he arose from the midst of the congregation, and he took a spear in his hand." But Bamidbar Rabbah (Numbers Rabbah) 20 asks a pointed question: did only Pinḥas see? After all, the verse right before this one (Numbers 25:6) says this was all happening "Before the eyes of Moses, and before the eyes of the entire congregation of the children of Israel"!

The explanation offered is that Pinḥas "saw the action and recalled the halakha" – the relevant Jewish law. He remembered the ruling: "One who engages in intercourse with an Aramean woman, zealots strike him." In other words, he understood the severity of the situation and the appropriate response according to Jewish law.

But it wasn't simple. Bamidbar Rabbah tells us that there was debate among the people about whether Zimri's actions warranted the death penalty. Pinḥas took it upon himself to act. He concealed a spear beneath his garments, approached Zimri and Cozbi, and under the pretense of needing to "satisfy his needs" (a euphemism, to say the least) gained access to their tent. Then, in a shocking act, he stabbed both of them through their bellies.

Now, this is where the story gets really interesting. Bamidbar Rabbah emphasizes that Pinḥas stabbed them "one atop the other, into the impurity of the two of them, so there will not be any in Israel saying that there had been no impurity there." This was a public demonstration, a clear statement against the sin that was corrupting the community.

But more than that, the text describes twelve miracles that occurred during this act! According to the Midrash, an angel reattached them as they separated, shut their mouths so they couldn't scream, guided the spear with incredible accuracy, lengthened the spear, gave Pinḥas superhuman strength. the list goes on. One particularly striking miracle: the angel "elevated the lintel so that the two of them could emerge between his shoulders, suspended before the eyes of all." It was a public spectacle, divinely orchestrated.

What are we to make of all this? Was Pinḥas a hero or a vigilante? The text clearly portrays him as a zealot acting in defense of God's honor. His actions stopped the plague, which had already killed twenty-four thousand people, as (Numbers 25:9) tells us.

The Rabbis, in Bamidbar Rabbah, even compare Pinḥas to a "wise man" who pacifies the "wrath of a king" (Proverbs 16:14), arguing that Pinḥas’s actions assuaged God's anger and prevented the complete destruction of Israel.

But the story doesn't end there. After the act, the members of Zimri's tribe sought to attack Pinḥas. An angel intervened, afflicting them. However, Pinḥas, seeing the angel's destructive intent, prayed and stopped him. The text interprets the word "vayfalel" (prayed) in (Psalms 106:30) as also meaning "performing judgment," linking it to the phrase "biflilim" (in court) from (Exodus 21:22). Pinḥas, even in his zealotry, understood the limits of divine wrath.

The story of Pinḥas is complex and challenging. It raises questions about religious zeal, the use of violence, and the nature of divine justice. It's a story that continues to be debated and interpreted, reminding us that even in the most sacred texts, there are difficult and uncomfortable truths to confront. The Bamidbar Rabbah offers a glimpse into the rabbinic understanding of this pivotal moment, highlighting the miracles, the motivations, and the ultimate impact of Pinḥas's actions. It leaves us pondering: what does it truly mean to act in the name of God?

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