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They Hung Their Harps on Babylon's Willows

By the rivers of Babylon captors demand Temple songs for idols. Israel hangs its harps, chooses death over that music, and waits for Elijah's hand.

Curated by Arthur · Told by Maggid ·
Table of Contents
  1. Dirt That Could Have Been Repentance
  2. The King's Daughter and the Boil-Covered Man
  3. A Hand Placed Behind the Back
  4. Ten Roads Out, Two Hands Home

The captors clapped and pointed at the instruments. "Stand up," they said. "Sing before our gods the way you sang in the House."

They Hung Their Harps on Babylon's Willows Click for full size

Israel looked at the willows along the water and at the harps in their hands. The wood still remembered Zion. The strings still knew the intervals of thanksgiving. To play those intervals for idols would turn memory into betrayal. They walked to the trees and hung the harps on the branches until the instruments looked like strange fruit no one would eat.

"If we had sung in our place," they answered, "we would not be exiles. And now how should we sing before idols?"

The demand hardened. Refusal became a body count. Heaps fell, and those who remained rejoiced that the song had not been sold. Torment asked for mirth and received silence sharp enough to cut rope.

Dirt That Could Have Been Repentance

While they were still on their own soil, Jeremiah had walked the streets saying repent before the judgment is sealed. They did not accept his words. R. Yitzchak taught that the dirt of the land of Israel is for repentance, a ground that helps return if you use it in time. They used it for markets and arguments and the confidence of people who think walls last forever.

Once the seal closed, the same people kept commandments in a foreign city with a fierceness that hurt. The harps on the willows were not only grief. They were a last boundary. Music that belonged to the Temple would not become entertainment for the ones who tore the Temple's people out of their beds.

Some nights the wind moved the hanging strings and a thin accidental note crossed the water. No one stood up to finish the melody. Finishing it for the wrong audience was the one skill they refused to learn.

The King's Daughter and the Boil-Covered Man

R. Yitzchak Tavlai told a mashal. A king married a princess and asked her to bring a cup. She refused. He drove her out. She married a man covered in boils who then ordered the same service. She laughed in pain. I would not serve a king, and you think I will serve you?

So Israel said to the nations. If we had sung before the Holy One for all the miracles in our place, we would have stayed. Now you want idol songs from the mouths that failed to sing when singing was loyalty? The mashal does not flatter the exiles. It admits the first refusal. It only refuses to stack a second desecration on top of the first.

The princess in the mashal still knows what a palace cup is for. The exiles still know what a Temple harp is for. Knowledge without the right address becomes a kind of ache that will not hire itself out cheap.

A Hand Placed Behind the Back

At the moment of exile, the midrash says, the Holy One placed His right hand behind Him, as Lamentations speaks of a withdrawn right hand. Then He swore, as it were, upon that displaced hand. If I forget Jerusalem, let the skill of the right hand fail. The oath binds God to memory while the people bind themselves to silence before false altars.

Anyone who mourns for Jerusalem in this world will rejoice with her in the time to come. Joy, Abaye said, is scheduled even for the ninth of Av, because mourning now is the seed of a holiday God will declare later. The First Temple fell by human hands. The final Sanctuary, built by the Lord who gathers outcasts, will not be a project enemies can reverse with the same tools.

Mourners by the river practiced a joy they could not yet afford. The calendar of destruction became, in promise, a calendar of reversal. That promise did not put the harps back into their hands for Babylon's parties.

Ten Roads Out, Two Hands Home

The accounting of exiles stacks roads. Assyria, Babylon, and the later scatterings that turn a people into a map of departures. Ten movements of loss in one schematic memory. Against that arithmetic the Targum sets two agents of return. From there the Word of the Lord will gather you by the hand of Elijah the great priest, and from there He will bring you by the hand of the King Messiah.

Repentance itself rises to the glorious throne. God does not only accept a mood. His Word receives return with favor. The foolishness of the heart is scheduled for removal. Evil desire is not pampered as a permanent roommate of the soul. In that future the Torah is near in the schools. Open the mouth. Purify the heart. Choose the life of the world to come.

By the rivers the harps still hang in the mind even when museums claim the wood. The willows keep the shape of refusal. Somewhere ahead, two hands, prophet and king, lift what empire tried to catalog as finished. Until then, silence before idols is a song of a different key, and the water keeps time.


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The texts behind this telling. Some cards carry a translation of the source; others are our own retelling of it, and each card says which. Every card links out to the original.

Pesikta Rabbati 28Pesikta Rabbati

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.Rabbi Mike Feuer, Jerusalem Anthology · CC0

R’ Yitzchak expounded on, “On willows in its midst we hung our harps.” (Psalms 137:2) Come and see – the dirt of the land of Israel is for repentance. While they were still in the land of Israel, Jeremiah was saying to them ‘repent before the judgement is sealed upon you,’ and they did not accept his words. Once they were exiled, they kept themselves sanctified through the commandments, taking their harps and hanging them on the willows. “For there our captors asked us for words of song…” (Psalms 137:3) At that time the nations of the world said to them: stand up and sing before idols just as you would sing in the Holy Temple. They replied: if we had sung songs in our place, we would not have been exiles. And now how should we sing songs before idols?! R ‘ Yitzchak Tavlai would say: to what is this to be compared? To a king of flesh and blood who married the daughter of kings. He said to her: get up and bring me a cup to drink, and she did not want to serve him. He was angry with her and drove her from his house, and she went and married a man who was afflicted with boils. He said: get up and bring me a cup to drink. She said to him: worthless one! I was a daughter of kings, married to a king, and because he said ‘bring me a drink’ and I did not want to serve him he was angry with me and drove me from his home. In that case if I had served him I would have added to my honor and had honor in my place, and now you say to me get up and serve me?! So Israel says to the nations of the world: if we had sang songs before the Holy One in our place on all the miracles which He did for us, we would have stayed in our place and not been exiled from our land. Now we should sing songs before idols?! Immediately they arose and killed heaps and heaps of them, and even though many of them were killed Israel rejoiced that they did not sing songs before the idols, as it says “…and our tormentors [asked of us] mirth…” (ibid.) At that moment the Holy One swore a whole oath to Israel. He said of Himself, so to speak, if I do not keep my oath, as it says “If I forget you, O Jerusalem, may my right hand forget [its skill].” (Psalms 137:5) The Holy One took His hand and placed it behind Him at the moment when Israel was exiled, just as it says “He has withdrawn His right hand from the enemy…” (Lamentations 2:3) The Holy One, so to speak, did not return it to its place. And so too the Holy One said to Israel: I will forget My right hand which I placed behind Me if I do not fulfill my oath to you and not forget you among the nations. “May my tongue cling to my palate, if I do not remember you, if I do not bring up Jerusalem at the beginning of my joy.” (Psalms 137:6) In the future the Holy One will return to Jerusalem all of her joy, as it says “And the redeemed of Zion shall return, and they shall come to Zion with song, with joy of days of yore shall be upon their heads…” (Isaiah 35:10) And anyone who mourns for Jerusalem in this world will rejoice with her in the time to come, as it says “Rejoice with Jerusalem and exult in her all those who love her: rejoice with her a rejoicing, all who mourn over her.” (Isaiah 66:10) They said in the name of Abaye: joy only comes on the ninth of Av, because they mandated mourning then in this time and in the future the Holy One will make it into a holiday, as it says “…and I will turn their mourning into joy and will comfort them and make them rejoice from their sorrow.” (Jeremiah 31:12)... “No one pitches my tent anymore, or sets up my curtains.” (Jeremiah 10:20) What is this, does it mean that the Holy Temple will not be rebuilt in the future?! No, rather it is saying that no one from among you will pitch my tent anymore nor anyone from among you shall set up my curtains. The First Temple, which was built by flesh and blood, fell at the hands of the enemy. But the final Sanctuary that will be built by the Holy One, as it says “The Lord is the builder of Jerusalem; He will gather the outcasts of Israel,” (Psalms 147:2) will not be destroyed. Therefore it says “My tent has been spoiled…” (Jeremiah 10:20)

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Targum Jonathan on Deuteronomy 30Targum Jonathan

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Targum of Jonathan ben Uzziel, trans. J. W. Etheridge, London, 1862 · Public Domain

The Torah's promise of return from exile in (Deuteronomy 30) is hopeful. Targum Jonathan makes it messianic. Where the Hebrew says God will gather the scattered, the Targum says: "from thence will the Word of the Lord gather you together by the hand of Elijah the great priest, and from thence will He bring you by the hand of the King Meshiha." Two figures. Elijah and the Messiah, are named as the agents of the final ingathering. Neither appears in the Torah's text. The Targum inserts them as if they were always meant to be there.

Repentance itself gets a physical destination. The prayers of the righteous "shall come up unto the glorious throne of the Lord your God." Repentance is not an abstract emotional state, it travels upward and arrives at a specific location in heaven. And God does not merely accept it; "His Word will accept your repentance with favour."

The circumcision of the heart receives a cosmic rewrite. The Torah says God will circumcise your heart. The Targum says: "He will take away the foolishness of your heart, and of your children's heart; for He will abolish evil desire from the world, and create good desire." This is not individual transformation. This is the elimination of the yetzer hara (יצר הרע), the evil inclination, from all of creation. God will fundamentally redesign human nature.

The famous passage about the Torah being "not in heaven" gets grounded in daily practice. "The word is nigh you, in your schools; open your mouth, that you may meditate on it; purify your hearts, that you may perform it." The Targum places Torah study in the beit midrash, the study hall, not in some mystical location. And the choice between life and death becomes explicitly about two worlds: "Choose therefore the way of life, even the law, that you and your children may live the life of the world to come." The stakes are not just survival in this world but existence in the next.

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The Ten ExilesOtzar Midrashim (Eisenstein)

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.Sefaria Community Translation · CC0

This teaching from Otzar Midrashim, the anthology of lesser midrashim compiled by Judah David Eisenstein, sets out a schematic accounting of the exiles endured by the people of Israel. The aim of such lists in the aggadic tradition is to impose meaning on catastrophe, to gather the scattered sufferings of history into a single ordered sequence whose completion points toward redemption.

The reckoning proceeds in stages. Israel was first driven out by Sennacherib of Assyria, whose campaigns against the northern kingdom are counted as three separate expulsions. Then came Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon, whose conquest of Judah and destruction of the First Temple are counted as four further expulsions, matching the staged deportations recorded in the books of Kings and Jeremiah. After these came Vespasian, the Roman emperor under whom the Second Temple fell, counted as a single exile, and then Hadrian, whose suppression of the Bar Kokhba revolt scattered the survivors again. Counting these together yields nine exiles.

The tenth and final exile is laid at the feet of the emperor Titus, whom the text curses with the formula "may his name be erased forever," the phrase the tradition reserves for the bitterest enemies of Israel. This most recent and longest exile is named the exile under Edom, the rabbinic codeword for Rome and the long Roman and Byzantine dominion that followed it. By numbering the exiles at ten, the midrash signals a sense of completeness: the tally of suffering is full, and what remains beyond the tenth exile can only be the ingathering and redemption.

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