Parshat Shemot6 min read

When Moses Tore Up Israel's Death Sentence

The elders set out with Moses for Pharaoh's court. One by one they found reasons to slow down, and only Moses and Aaron reached the door.

Curated by Arthur · Told by Maggid ·
Table of Contents
  1. The Ledger of Dead Gods
  2. The Debt Came Due at Sinai
  3. Heaven Moves to Destroy Israel
  4. The Slave the Buyer Was Warned About
  5. The Quill Snatched From the King's Hand

The elders came out of their doorways to walk with them, and the road to Pharaoh's palace was crowded at the start.

When Moses Tore Up Israel's Death Sentence Click for full size

Moses and Aaron had been told to bring them. "Go, you and the elders of Israel," so the whole delegation moved through Egypt toward the one man who could refuse them. Then the palace came into view. One elder found something he had to attend to and slipped back. A little farther on, two more. The nearer the gate came the thinner the group behind them got, until Moses and Aaron reached the entrance, turned around, and found nobody there.

They went in as two.

The Ledger of Dead Gods

Inside, kings were laying crowns in front of Pharaoh on the day the world came to call him its ruler, and every one of them had brought his own god in behind him. Because they had brought neither crown nor tribute, the servants announced them as nothing more than two old men. Moses and Aaron said the Lord God of Israel had sent them, and that Israel was to be let go.

"Who is the Lord, that I should heed His voice?" Pharaoh said. "I do not know the Lord."

Then, since he was a careful administrator, he told them to wait while he checked. He went back into the palace and had the lists brought out and went down them, the gods of Moab, the gods of Ammon, the gods of Sidon, and came out again to report that no such name appeared anywhere in his records.

"Only a fool walks into a graveyard to look for a living man," they told him. "The ones on your list are dead. Ours is alive, and He was there before the world was made, and He will be there when it ends."

Pharaoh wanted measurements. Was this god young or old, how many years did He have, how many cities had He taken. He had one category for power, and when this would not go into it he called them liars and said he had made himself and made the Nile.

The Debt Came Due at Sinai

Heaven kept a note of the elders who had turned back on that road.

It came due at the mountain. They climbed with Moses as far as the base of Sinai, and there they were stopped and told to sit. "Wait here for us." So they sat down on the rock while two men went on up into the cloud, the exact arrangement they had chosen for themselves years before on an Egyptian street.

That is why nobody was standing next to Moses when the worst of it happened. He was above the cloud and the elders were beneath it, and in the space between them the people were putting their gold into a fire.

Heaven Moves to Destroy Israel

"Let Me be," God said, "and I will destroy them."

Moses did not step aside. He stood in the breach the way a man stands in the gap of a collapsed wall, and what he did in that gap was nearer to shoving than to prayer. A tutor who watches the prosecutor build the case against the king's son does not wait his turn politely. He pushes the prosecutor away from the bench and takes the floor himself.

If any advocacy was going to work in that hour it was insolence, and Moses had the stomach for it.

The Slave the Buyer Was Warned About

"Master of the Universe. Did You not tell me to go down to Pharaoh?"

He was reaching back to the bush. He had not wanted the work then, and his objection had not been modesty. The promises had been made to Abraham and to Jacob by God, not by Moses, so let the one who made them keep them. He had also asked the ugly question nobody else would ask: "On what merit are You redeeming these people, when they serve idols?" And he had been answered. "I see them coming out of Egypt. I see them taking the Torah. I see them, forty days later, denying Me and making the calf."

So now he took that answer and turned it into a weapon.

A man sells a slave and warns the buyer to his face that the slave is bad, but the buyer takes him anyway at the stated price. Then the slave behaves exactly as advertised, so the new master reaches for a stick and threatens to kill him for wickedness. The slave has one line, and it is unanswerable. "You knew what you were buying."

That was the argument. "You saw the calf before You saw the sea. You brought them out anyway, on those terms, so the terms hold."

The Quill Snatched From the King's Hand

God was reaching for the seal. The law had already been written down, that one who sacrifices to any god other than the Lord alone shall be destroyed, and Israel had sacrificed to a calf, so the death sentence needed nothing further except a signature.

An aide who sees a ruinous order about to be signed does not argue. He snatches the pen out of his master's hand.

Moses was carrying the two tablets. They were the covenant itself, cut and written and finished, the thing he had gone up for and gone forty days without bread to receive. They were also the instrument under which Israel was about to be condemned, because a people that has taken a contract can be judged under it and a people that has not taken it yet cannot. He held them out, and for one breath he was an old man about to smash the most valuable object in the world, and then he opened his hands.

The covenant tore apart on the rock at his feet.

Better she be judged as a woman still only betrothed, he argued afterward, and not as a wife. The document was destroyed, so the case could not be brought on the greater charge. God relented, and the nation that had been sentenced was not destroyed.

The elders were still sitting where they had been told to wait, because nobody had come down to release them. They looked up and saw the man who had gone in to Pharaoh without them coming down with his hands empty and stone dust in the creases of his sleeves.


← All myths

From the tradition

Sources

7 sources

The texts behind this telling. Some cards carry a translation of the source; others are our own retelling of it, and each card says which. Every card links out to the original.

Shemot Rabbah 5:14Shemot Rabbah

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022 · CC-BY

The familiar story is this:, but Shemot Rabbah, a classic collection of midrashim (rabbinic interpretive commentary) – interpretations and expansions – on the Book of Exodus, offers a fascinating glimpse into the details, the drama, and even the divine payback.

The verse tells us, "Afterward Moses and Aaron came, and said to Pharaoh: So said the Lord, God of Israel: Let My people go, and they will hold a feast to Me in the wilderness" (Exodus 5:1). But where were the elders? God had instructed Moses, "And you shall come, you and the elders of Israel" (Exodus 3:18). According to our Rabbis, the elders were there… initially. They accompanied Moses and Aaron, but, overcome with fear, they snuck away, one or two at a time, until only Moses and Aaron remained. Imagine the scene: the weight of an entire people's freedom resting on just two men.

The Holy One, blessed be He, doesn't forget their desertion. The Midrash explains that their moment of reckoning would come. Remember when Moses and Aaron later ascended Mount Sinai with the elders to receive the Torah? God turned the elders back, saying, "Wait here for us" (Exodus 24:14). A subtle but pointed divine consequence.

It's Pharaoh's big day. Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba tells us it was a grand reception, rulers from all over came bearing gifts and crowns, declaring Pharaoh the ruler of the world. All these leaders bring their gods with them. In the midst of this opulent display, Moses and Aaron appear at the palace entrance.

Pharaoh’s servants announce the arrival of "two elderly people." He has them brought in, perhaps expecting tribute or submission. But Moses and Aaron offer neither. Instead, they declare themselves emissaries of the Holy One, blessed be He, and deliver the earth-shattering demand: "So said the Lord [God of Israel]: Let My people go…"

Pharaoh, naturally, is enraged. “Who is the Lord that I should heed His voice to let Israel go?” (Exodus 5:2). He complains that they didn't even bring him a crown! He haughtily claims ignorance, saying, "I do not know the Lord, and I will not let Israel go" (Exodus 5:2).

Then comes a truly bizarre moment. Pharaoh, in a desperate attempt to prove his point, says, "Wait for me until I search my ledger." He retreats into his palace to consult his records, poring over entries for the gods of Moab, Ammon, Sidon… anything!

Rabbi Levi offers an analogy: a priest with a foolish servant. The priest leaves town, and the servant goes to a graveyard, shouting, "Have you seen my master?" The people reply, "Idiot! Who ever looks for a priest in a graveyard?"

Moses and Aaron, in turn, rebuke Pharaoh: "Idiot, does one typically seek the dead among the living? Our God is living, and these that you mention are dead!" They proclaim that their God is the living God, King of the world.

Pharaoh, undeterred, demands details. "Is He young or old? How old is He? How many cities has He conquered?" He’s trying to box God into his limited, earthly understanding.

Moses and Aaron respond with a powerful description of God's infinite power and eternal existence. "Our God, His power and His might fill the world. He was before the world was created and He will be at the end of the entire world." They list His creations: the heavens, the earth, fire, mountains, rain, and even the formation of a fetus in the womb! (Isaiah 51:13, (Psalms 29:7), I (Kings 19:11), (Daniel 2:2)1).

But Pharaoh, blinded by his own ego, accuses them of lying. "I am the lord of the world, and I created myself and the Nile!" (Ezekiel 29:3). He then consults his wise men, asking if they’ve ever heard of this “God of these people.” They claim to have heard He is the son of wise men and the son of ancient kings.

The Holy One, blessed be He, rebukes them, saying, "You call yourself wise men, and Me [you call] the son of wise men?" (Isaiah 19:11). He reminds them of the prophecies foretelling the folly of Egypt's wise men (Isaiah 29:14).

Pharaoh stubbornly repeats, "Your God, I do not know who He is" (Exodus 5:2). The Midrash then takes a fascinating turn, playing on the Hebrew words. Pharaoh's question, "Mi [who] is the Lord?" becomes a prophecy of the plagues to come. Mi, spelled mem-yod, numerically represents fifty. These are the fifty plagues that would ultimately afflict Egypt – ten plagues for each of the five fingers of God’s "great hand" (Exodus 8:15, (Exodus 14:3)1).

Another interpretation reverses the letters of mi to form yam, meaning "sea." The sea, the parting of which would become a defining moment, would ultimately reveal God to Pharaoh (Exodus 14:25). The Midrash declares that Pharaoh, who now proclaims "Who is the Lord?" will eventually be forced to admit, "The Lord is righteous" (Exodus 9:27) and "I have sinned to the Lord your God" (Exodus 10:16).

The Midrash concludes with a final, cutting insult. Pharaoh boasts that even if the elderly Jacob were present, he would force him into servitude. But the tables will turn. Soon, Pharaoh himself will be begging the Israelites to leave, urging them to "Go in peace. 'Take both your flocks and your herds'" (Exodus 12:32).

What a powerful and multi-layered story! It's not just a historical account; it's a lesson in faith, humility, and the ultimate triumph of divine justice.

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Shemot Rabbah 15:14Shemot Rabbah

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022 · CC-BY

Our starting point is the verse "This month shall be for you" (Exodus 12:2). But Shemot Rabbah, in its characteristic way, finds a connection to (Micah 6:4): "I sent Moses, Aaron, and Miriam before you." It’s a reminder that the Exodus story isn't just about a miraculous escape, but also about the individuals who paved the way.

The text then beautifully connects this to (Psalm 43:3): “Send Your orekha [light] and Your amitekha [truth]; they will lead me.” The Rabbis interpret "light and truth" as allusions to Moses and Aaron. How so? Well, the Urim ve’Tumim, oracular talismans worn by the High Priest, are literally translated as ‘lights and virtues’ (Deuteronomy 33:8). And, as See how these verses start to weave together? It's like the tradition is building a beautiful tapestry, thread by thread.

Here's the kicker: The Midrash (rabbinic interpretive commentary) then reveals a profound insight about Moses's initial reluctance. "I sent Moses, Aaron, and Miriam before you” (Micah 6:4) – this teaches that he [Moses] was not seeking to redeem Israel." The man we know as the great liberator, the one who spoke to God face-to-face, initially didn't want the job!

In this passage in, Shemot Rabbah, Moses questioned God, asking, "Who am I [that I should go]?" (Exodus 3:11). He points out God's promises to Abraham ("I will judge" - (Genesis 15:1)4) and Jacob ("I will go down with you to Egypt, and I will surely take you up" - Genesis 46:4). He was essentially saying, "Isn't this Your job, God? Why are you sending me?" It's a very human moment, filled with doubt and humility.

Moses is essentially asking: You promised our ancestors that You would redeem them. Are you really asking me, a mere mortal, to fulfill these promises? The idea is, according to Shemot Rabbah, that Moses is saying, "I'm just flesh and blood. How can I possibly accomplish what You promised You would do?"

The Holy One, blessed be He, responds with a powerful reassurance: "By your life, I will go down and deliver them." God reminds Moses of the story of Sarah, how God intervened when Pharaoh abducted her (Genesis 12:17). The text argues that, if God descended for one woman, surely He would do so for six hundred thousand men, women, and children.

However, God still asks Moses to go first, to inform the children of Israel that their redemption is at hand. "You go first and inform My children that I am redeeming them and then I will deliver them.” This is why it is written: “Send Your light and Your truth; they will lead me.” That is why He said: “I sent Moses, Aaron, and Miriam before you.”

So, what does this all mean? It suggests that even the greatest leaders have moments of doubt and insecurity. It highlights the collaborative nature of redemption – God working with humanity.

Maybe, just maybe, those moments when we feel most inadequate are precisely the moments when we are most open to becoming instruments of something far greater than ourselves.

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Shemot Rabbah 15:16Shemot Rabbah

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022 · CC-BY

The Book of Exodus, as The familiar version gives us, begins with the Israelites enslaved in Egypt. "The Lord spoke to Moses and to Aaron in the land of Egypt, saying.." (Exodus 12:1). But Shemot Rabbah, a collection of rabbinic interpretations on Exodus, asks a pretty bold question: what was the Holy One, blessed be He, doing in Egypt in the first place?

Rabbi Yitzḥak Nappaḥa offers a striking analogy. He doesn't just banish her; he imprisons her. And, remarkably, he stays with her in prison. People question him: why bother? He responds that as long as he's with her, her reputation remains intact. She won't be further tainted by her surroundings.

The Midrash (rabbinic interpretive commentary) uses this story to explain God's presence during times of exile. Just as God descended with Jacob to Egypt ("I will go down with you to Egypt," Genesis 46:4), so too, according to Shemot Rabbah, God accompanies Israel in every exile. "For your sakes, I sent [shilaḥti, though the Midrash reads it as shulaḥti, meaning 'I was sent'] to Babylon" (Isaiah 43:14). We even see it alluded to in the hegemonic period of Media: "I will place My throne in Elam" (Jeremiah 49:38) – Elam being synonymous with Media, as (Isaiah 21:2) states, "Go up, Elam; besiege, Media."

Greece? "I will rouse your children, Zion, against your children, Greece, and will set you like the sword of a mighty man. The Lord will be seen over them, and His arrow will emerge like lightning" (Zechariah 9:13–14).

Why? The angels themselves ask God this very question. And God's response is powerful: “All the time that I am with them, they will not acquire a bad name." God's presence is a shield. "I was with them in Egypt, and they were found whole, as it is stated: 'A locked garden, my sister, my bride' (Song of Songs 4:12)." Meaning, they weren't corrupted by the surrounding licentiousness. In Babylon, they proclaimed, "Behold our God whom we serve is able to deliver us" (Daniel 3:17). In Media, Mordechai refused to bow down (Esther 3:2). And in Greece, they resisted writing on an ox horn that they had no part in the God of Israel. According to Ginzberg's Legends of the Jews, this refers to a tradition where Greek rulers demanded such a declaration.

But what about Edom, or Rome? The Midrash poses a rhetorical question: "If the Holy One blessed be He says yes, who will say no, as it is stated: 'Who is this, coming from Edom' (Isaiah 63:1)?" This verse hints at the eventual downfall of Edom.

Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman offers another analogy. A wealthy man goes out during the summer. People assume he’s at the threshing floor. But he arrives with a branch of grapes, showing he’s been in the vineyard. Similarly, the idolaters taunt Israel, "Where is their God?" (Deuteronomy 32:37). They sit securely, pampered (Isaiah 47:8). But, the Midrash asks, what will God ultimately do to them?

"I will make My arrows drunk with blood" (Deuteronomy 32:42). He will trample them: "I have trodden a winepress alone" (Isaiah 63:3). And He will tread with His shoe on all the great ones of Edom: "I cast My shoe upon Edom" (Psalms 60:10).

So, what does it all mean? This passage from Shemot Rabbah offers a profound message of hope and resilience. Even in the darkest of times, when exile and oppression seem insurmountable, the Divine Presence is there, safeguarding the integrity and ultimately promising redemption.

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Shemot Rabbah 27:9Shemot Rabbah

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022 · CC-BY

That sparks a whole chain of thought, linking it to the verse, "Heed the word of the Lord, house of Jacob" (Jeremiah 2:4).

So, what’s the connection? Well, Rabbi Nechemya, as quoted in Shemot Rabbah, suggests it has to do with leadership. They're largely left to their own devices, not held accountable for the wider community. But the moment that scholar takes on a leadership role, everything changes. Suddenly, they are responsible. They can’t just say, "Not my problem!" anymore. If they see injustice and do nothing, they share the blame.

It's like (Proverbs 6:1) says: "My son, if you have become a guarantor for your friend… if you have given your handshake for a stranger…" The Etz Yosef commentary on Shemot Rabbah explains that taking on leadership is like entering an arena. You either prevail, or you're vanquished. The Holy One, blessed be He, says, ‘You introduced yourself into the arena. One who introduces himself into the arena either prevails or is vanquished.’

There's a real weight to this. The stakes are high. A leader can either avert divine punishment or, if they fail, face the full force of divine justice. And it's not just about intentional wrongdoing. There's also the danger of giving incorrect rulings. Shemot Rabbah draws on (Proverbs 6:2), "You have been snared by the sayings of your mouth," noting that "sayings" here refers to instruction regarding Torah, as in (Proverbs 7:1), "My son, observe my sayings," and (Proverbs 4:20), "incline your ears to my sayings."

What's the solution? Humility. Seek counsel from those wiser than you. As (Proverbs 6:3) says, "Go, ingratiate yourself in the dust of the feet of princes who are greater than you." The text interprets "urhav" (exalt) in (Proverbs 6:3) as connected to "Rahav," a poetic name for Egypt found in (Psalms 87:4), perhaps suggesting seeking wisdom even from outside one's immediate circle. Because if you don't? "Your blood is on your own head," like a hunted animal.

But it's not just about leaders. The Rabbis offer another interpretation: "My son, if you have become a guarantor for your friend," this refers to Israel itself! We, the Jewish people, are guarantors for each other before God. We're all interconnected, responsible for one another’s actions.

The text continues, drawing on (Psalms 122:8), "For the sake of my brothers and friends," to illustrate how beloved Israel is, and then presents a powerful analogy. He asks different people to be sharecroppers, but they all refuse, claiming they're not strong enough. Finally, one person agrees… and then neglects the field. Who is the king angriest with? The one who refused in the first place, or the one who accepted the responsibility and then shirked it?

So too, when God offered the Torah at Sinai, every nation declined except Israel. We said, "Everything that the Lord spoke we will perform and we will heed" (Exodus 24:7). We took on the responsibility. Therefore, we must heed the word of the Lord.

There's another layer to this. A calf bumps into one servant, breaking a goblet. The servant is terrified. But the king says, "Okay, be extra careful with the second one!" Similarly, God gave us two "goblets" at Sinai: "Na'aseh v'nishma" – "We will do and we will hear." We messed up the "we will do" part with the Golden Calf. So, we need to be extra careful with "we will hear." "Heed the word of the Lord, house of Jacob."

Finally, the text emphasizes the power of listening. God entices us, saying, "Heed, and your soul will live" (Isaiah 55:3). The idea is that unlike a doctor bandaging every limb, God only needs us to listen. If the ear heeds, the entire body is enlivened. And that brings us full circle, back to Yitro. He heard, and he converted, as it is stated: “Yitro, priest of Midian, father-in-law of Moses, heard everything that God had performed on behalf of Moses and Israel His people…” (Exodus 18:1).

So, what does it all mean? Are we, as individuals and as a community, truly responsible for each other? It's a daunting thought, and perhaps an impossible standard to fully live up to. But maybe, just maybe, the act of striving, of listening, of taking responsibility, is what truly matters. Maybe it's in that striving that we find our deepest connection to each other, and to the Divine.

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Shemot Rabbah 43:1Shemot Rabbah

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022 · CC-BY

The book of Exodus tells us that after the giving of the Torah, the Israelites, impatient and afraid, built the Golden Calf. God, understandably, was furious. "Let Me be," He says to Moses, "and I will destroy them!" (Deuteronomy 9:14). But Moses. Moses implores God.

That’s where our story really begins, in Shemot Rabbah, a collection of rabbinic interpretations of the book of Exodus. We pick up with the verse, "Moses implored the Lord his God and he said: Lord, why is Your wrath enflamed against Your people that You took out of the land of Egypt with great power and with a mighty hand?" (Exodus 32:11).

Rabbi Tanhuma bar Abba uses a verse from Psalms (106:23) to frame the scene: "He said He would destroy them, were it not for Moses, His chosen, who stood in the breach before Him." That image, standing in the breach, is powerful. Moses isn’t just asking nicely. He's standing in the gap, preventing destruction.

Here's the kicker. Rabbi Ḥama bar Ḥanina says something really provocative: The most effective advocate is actually… disrespectful. He argues that Moses, and even Daniel later in the Bible, were, as it were, "insolent" before God.

Insolent? How can that be? Isn't the ideal to be humble and reverent before the Almighty?

Well, Rabbi Berekhya offers two analogies to explain. The first, in the name of his teacher, compares it to a king judging his son. The prosecutor is laying out the case, and the son's tutor sees he’s about to be convicted. What does he do? He shoves the prosecutor aside and steps in to defend the boy himself! Moses, according to this, is doing the same thing, pushing aside the "accuser" – the force of justice demanding punishment.

The second analogy, in the name of Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman, is even more dramatic. His aide SNATCHES the quill from his hand to stop him. This is what Moses does when he takes the tablets of the law and breaks them!

Wait, what? Breaking the tablets?

“One who sacrifices to gods, [other than to the Lord alone,] shall be destroyed” (Exodus 22:19). Moses, by breaking the tablets, was essentially arguing that the Israelites hadn't fully received the covenant yet. They were like a woman betrothed but not yet married; better to be judged as unwitting sinners than intentional ones. As the midrash puts it, "It is preferable that she be judged as a single woman and not as a married woman." Moses is willing to destroy the very symbol of God's covenant to save his people.

The text even plays on the Hebrew word vayḥal, "he implored," suggesting it can also mean ḥilul, "profaning" or "desecrating." Moses, in his desperation, is willing to act in a way that might even seem disrespectful to achieve his goal: saving Israel.

So, what does all this mean? Is it really okay to be "insolent" before God? I don’t think the midrash is advocating for outright disrespect. What it is highlighting is the incredible power of advocacy, the willingness to push boundaries, to challenge even the highest authority, when the lives of those you love are at stake.

It’s a powerful, and perhaps uncomfortable, idea: that sometimes, the most sacred thing we can do is to stand in the breach, even if it means questioning the Divine.

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Shemot Rabbah 43:8Shemot Rabbah

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022 · CC-BY

The Israelites, fresh from their miraculous exodus from Egypt, had already broken their covenant with God. And God, understandably, was furious. But Moses, ever the advocate, stepped in to plead their case.

In Shemot Rabbah, a collection of rabbinic interpretations on the Book of Exodus, we find a fascinating midrash, a story that unpacks the nuances of this moment. It begins with the question: why, in his plea, did Moses specifically mention the exodus from Egypt?

Rabbi Yehuda bar Shalom, quoting Rabbi Levi ben Perata, uses a parable to explain. The buyer asks, "Is this slave any good?" The seller replies, "No, he's pretty awful. That's why I'm selling him." Okay, fair enough. But then, when the slave acts up, the new owner starts beating him and threatens to kill him for being wicked. The slave cries out, "This is unfair!" The master retorts, "Unfair? You're the one misbehaving!"

Here’s the crux of the matter. The slave protests, "But you bought me knowing I was wicked! Why are you expecting me to be good now?"

That, says the midrash, is the essence of Moses' argument. "Master of the Universe," Moses essentially says, "Didn't you tell me to go to Pharaoh?" (Exodus 3:10). And didn't I question You? I asked, 'On what merit will You redeem them? They're idolaters!'"

Moses is reminding God of their earlier conversation. He’s saying, "You told me, 'I see them leaving Egypt. I see them accepting the Torah, even though I also see that after forty days, they'll deny Me and create the calf.'"

As we find in (Exodus 3:7), God says "rao ra’iti et-oni ami" – "I have surely seen the affliction of my people." The double use of "seen" – rao ra’iti – and the word oni (affliction), which shares a root with anot (distress), the word used in connection with the Golden Calf in (Exodus 32:18), alludes to God's foresight of this very sin.

Moses is essentially saying, "You knew this was coming! You knew they would build the calf! So why are you angry now? You purchased them, so to speak, knowing their flaws!"

That’s why he mentioned the exodus from Egypt, to remind God of the terms, the starting point of their relationship.

Rabbi Pinchas HaKohen (a priest) ben Hama, quoting Rabbi Abahu in the name of Rabbi Yosei bar Hanina, offers another layer to this. He asks, "Why the double term, rao ra’iti – ‘I have surely seen’?"

The Holy One, blessed be He, says to Moses, "You see them now, but I see them as they will be when I appear in My chariot of glory to give them the Torah." This is a reference to (Psalm 68:18), "The chariots of God are myriad, thousands upon thousands of companies."

And, here’s the kicker, "they take one of My four animals," as described in (Ezekiel 1:10): "The face of an ox to the left of the four of them." The ox, of course, is a symbol that the Israelites would later pervert into the Golden Calf.

So, Moses is saying, "You knew! You knew they would take the image of the ox from Your own divine chariot! Why is Your wrath enflamed? You knew all along!"

What does this all mean for us? Perhaps it's a reminder that God sees the bigger picture, the potential within us, even when we stumble. Maybe it’s about understanding the complexities of our relationship with the Divine – that even in anger, there is a memory of promise, of the potential for greatness, even after profound failure.

And maybe, just maybe, it’s a lesson in holding each other accountable, while also remembering the flawed, human starting points from which we all begin.

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Shemot Rabbah 44:1Shemot Rabbah

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022 · CC-BY

Shemot Rabbah, a collection of rabbinic interpretations on the Book of Exodus, offers a fascinating perspective on this, likening the people of Israel to a vine. Rabbi Tanhuma bar Abba begins with a verse from Psalms (80:9): "You transported a vine from Egypt." Why a vine, of all things?

Well, What do you do when you want a vine to really thrive? You carefully dig it up and move it to a better location. A place where it can get more sunlight, richer soil, and stronger support. Shemot Rabbah suggests that this is precisely what God did with Israel. To make them known to the world, God uprooted them from Egypt and brought them into the wilderness. And there, amidst the challenges, they began to flourish. They received the Torah, affirming, "Everything that the Lord spoke we will perform and we will heed" (Exodus 24:7). Their reputation, their beauty, spread throughout the world, as Ezekiel (16:14) says, "Your renown went forth among the nations for your beauty."

The metaphor goes even deeper. The text points out that a vine, though very much alive, often relies on dead branches for support. It climbs and sprawls across them, drawing strength and stability. So too, Israel, though vibrant and enduring, finds strength and solace in the memory of the deceased – particularly the patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac, and Israel (also known as Jacob).

We see this idea echoed in the stories of Elijah on Mount Carmel. He prayed and prayed for fire to descend, as it says, “Answer me, Lord, answer me” (I (Kings 18:3)7), but initially, nothing happened. But when he invoked the names of the patriarchs, saying, "Lord, God of Abraham, Isaac, and Israel" (I (Kings 18:3)6), the fire immediately descended (I (Kings 18:3)8).

Now, some commentaries, like Yefe To’ar, note a slight textual issue here: Elijah’s mention of the patriarchs actually comes before his general plea in the verses. But the point remains – there's power in remembering our ancestors.

Similarly, when the Israelites committed the grave sin of the golden calf, Moses pleaded with God for forty days and forty nights, but his prayers seemed to fall on deaf ears. But as Shemot Rabbah points out, when Moses invoked the covenant with the patriarchs, saying, “Remember Abraham, Isaac, and Israel” (Exodus 32:13), God relented. "The Lord reconsidered the evil" (Exodus 32:14).

According to Ginzberg’s Legends of the Jews, this was a pivotal moment. Moses' appeal to God’s promise to the patriarchs, his appeal to lineage and legacy, swayed God’s judgment.

So, what does this all mean for us? It suggests that even when we're thriving, when we're reaching for the sky, we're not doing it alone. We're supported by the memory and the legacy of those who came before us. They are the "dead branches" that give us strength, that allow us to climb higher and bear more fruit. They are the reason we can say, with hope and conviction, "Remember Abraham, Isaac, and Israel." And in remembering them, we find the strength to face whatever challenges lie ahead.

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