Parshat Beshalach7 min read

When the Sea and the Earth Went to War Over the Drowned

God orders Rahab to swallow the waters of creation. He refuses and is slain, and then the sea and the earth quarrel over who must take the dead.

Curated by Arthur · Told by Maggid ·
Table of Contents
  1. The Prince Who Would Not Drink the Flood
  2. Sand Set as a Bar and Doors
  3. The Springs Hidden in a Human Face
  4. The Sea and the Earth Refuse the Drowned
  5. The Oath That Opened the Ground

Rahab, prince of the sea, stood at the edge of a world that did not yet exist, and the waters rose around him without a shore to stop them.

The Holy One had finished pouring out the deep, and now the deep had to be put somewhere. So the command came down to the one creature large enough to hold it. "Open your mouth," God said, "and swallow all the waters of creation."

Rahab looked at the flood he was meant to drink. He looked at the breadth of himself, already vast, already full. And he refused. "Master of the World," he said, "it is enough for me that I stand within my own." Then the prince of the sea began to weep, as if the asking itself were a cruelty.

The Prince Who Would Not Drink the Flood

God did not argue. He struck Rahab with His foot and killed him on the spot, and the great body of the sea-prince sank into the very waters he had refused to take. The deep closed over him. What he would not swallow now swallowed him.

And the waters, leaderless, lay down. They received the corpse of their prince. They received the weight of the One who had trodden upon them and pressed them flat beneath His heel. This was how the sea first learned obedience. Not by persuasion. By a death.

But a tamed thing is not yet a bound thing. The waters were quiet, and quiet is not the same as kept.

Sand Set as a Bar and Doors

So God went down to the shoreline and built a wall out of the softest thing He could find. He took sand, mere sand, and laid it as a bar and a set of doors across the mouth of the sea. "Thus far shall you come," He told the water, "and no farther."

It was an absurd boundary, and the sea knew it. A grain of sand can be moved by a child. A line of grains can be erased by one wave. Still the wave broke against the sand and drew back. It broke again and drew back again, and it has been breaking and drawing back ever since, against nothing but a fear it cannot name.

Then the sea found a different complaint. "Master of the World," it said, "if You shut me in like this, my sweet waters will mingle with the salty. The springs that feed the living will sour inside me." It was a real fear. A sea is not one water. It is fresh and brine and bitter current all pressed together in the dark.

"No," God answered. "Each and every one has a storehouse of its own." And He hid storehouses inside the deep, sealed rooms where the sweet stayed sweet and the salt stayed salt and no door between them ever opened. The waters lay layered and separate inside their own enormous body, touching everywhere, mingling nowhere.

The Springs Hidden in a Human Face

If that seems too strange to believe, God built a smaller proof and set it where no one could miss it. He put it in the front of every human head, in a span no wider than a hand.

Look at a face. There are springs in it, four of them, and not one tastes like another. The waters of the eyes run salt. The waters of the ears run oily. The waters of the nose run foul. The waters of the mouth run sweet. They sit a finger's width apart and they never blend.

Each spring was made cruel or kind on purpose. The eyes weep salt so grief will sting and stop, because a person who could cry over the dead painlessly at every hour would weep himself blind. The ears run oil so a hard word slides in one and out the other and never reaches the heart to kill it. The nose runs foul so its own rot revives a man before a worse stench can. And the mouth runs sweet, so that when the body heaves up its food, something gentle waits to call the soul back. A face is a sealed sea in miniature. If a span can hold four springs unmixed, the great deep can hold its storehouses without trouble.

The Sea and the Earth Refuse the Drowned

Generations later the binding held its first terrible test. Pharaoh's army drove into a sea that had opened like a corridor, and the walls of water remembered they were water and came down. An entire host sank into the storehouses of the deep.

Now the sea turned to the dry land with the drowned still tumbling in its current. "Take back your children," the sea said. "Dust they are, and to dust they return. They belong to you." It was a cold, lawyer's argument, and the sea meant every word.

The earth would not open. The earth was afraid. These were slain men, and the earth had buried slain men before and heard what their blood could do. Long ago the ground had drunk one murdered brother's blood, and that blood had cried out from the soil until it reached the Throne. The earth feared that every drowned Egyptian inside it would wait, silent, until the Day of the Great Judgment, and then rise to testify against the ground that had hidden the crime.

So the sea pushed the bodies toward the shore and the shore pushed them back, and the host that had hunted Israel floated unclaimed between two elements that each wanted the other to be guilty.

The Oath That Opened the Ground

God ended the quarrel with His own hand. He stretched His right hand over the dry land and swore an oath, a promise that could not be broken, that the drowned would never be permitted to testify against the earth in the world to come. The blood of these men would stay silent. The ground would carry no charge for carrying them.

Only then did the earth open its mouth and take them in.

And in heaven, where the ministering angels had been gathering to sing, a hymn died before it began. The angels had seen the enemy of Israel swallowed and wanted to celebrate the victory. God stopped them in the doorway of their own song. "The work of My hands is drowning in the sea," He said, "and you would sing?" The hall went quiet. The boundary held, the deep kept its dead, and no praise rose over the water closing above a defeated man.


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From the tradition

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The texts this telling draws on, in full. Open a card to read inline, or expand it for a wider, quieter read.

Midrash Tanchuma Buber, Chukat 1:1Midrash Tanchuma Buber, Chukat

(Numbers 19:2:) "This is the statute of the Torah." Blessed be the name of the Supreme King of Kings, the Holy One, blessed be He, who created His world with wisdom and with understanding; His wonders have no limit, and His greatness no number; "He gathers the waters of the sea like a mound, and places the deeps in storehouses" (Psalms 33:7).

And what is the meaning of "He gathers the waters of the sea like a mound"? When the Holy One, blessed be He, created the world, He said to the prince of the sea: "Open your mouth and swallow all the waters of creation." He said before Him: "Master of the World, it is enough for me that I stand within my own." And he began to weep. He kicked him and killed him, as it is said: "By His power He stilled the sea, and by His understanding He smote Rahab" (Job 26:12). [You find that the prince of the sea was named Rahab. What did the Holy One, blessed be He, do? He subdued them and trod upon them,] and thus the sea received them, as it is said: "And He treads upon the heights of the earth, the Lord [God] of Hosts is His name" (Amos 4:13).

And He set for them sand as a bar and doors, as it is said: "And He shut up the sea with doors" (Job 38:8); and it says: "Will you not fear Me, says the Lord, [will you not tremble before Me,] who placed the sand as a boundary for the sea?" (Jeremiah 5:22); and it says: "Thus far shall you come, and no farther" (Job 38:11). The sea said to Him: "Master of the World, if so, my sweet waters will mingle with the salty." He said to it: "No. Each and every one has a storehouse of its own," as it is said: "He places the deeps in storehouses" (Psalms 33:7).

And should you say that this is a great wonder, that their waters do not mingle, behold, the face that the Holy One, blessed be He, created in human beings, the size of a full sit: it has several springs, and they do not mingle one with another. The waters of the eyes are salty, the waters of the ears are oily, the waters of the nose are foul, the waters of the mouth are sweet. Why are the waters of the eyes salty? Because when a person weeps over the dead at every hour, he would at once go blind; but because they are salty, he ceases and does not weep. Why are the waters of the ears oily? Because when a person hears harsh news, were he to retain it in his ears, it would bind itself to his heart and he would die; but because they are oily, he lets it out by this one and takes it in by that one. Why are the waters of the nose foul? Because when a person smells a foul odor, were it not for the foul waters of the nose that revive him, he would at once die. And why are the waters of the mouth sweet? Sometimes a person eats food that is not accepted by his heart and he vomits it; and were it not for the sweet waters of the mouth, his soul would not return to him. And moreover, because he reads in the Torah, of which it is written: "And sweeter than honey and the drippings of the comb" (Psalms 19:11), therefore the waters of the mouth are sweet.

And these are matters of a fortiori reasoning (kal va-homer): if a full sit has several springs and they do not mingle, the Great Sea, how much more so! As it is said: "This sea, [great] and wide of hand…" (Psalms 104:25). This is to teach you that in everything the Holy One, blessed be He, performs His mission, and He created not a single thing in vain. And sometimes the Holy One, blessed be He, performed His mission by means of [a frog, and by means of a gnat, and by means of a wasp, and by means of] a scorpion.

Rabbi Chanan of Sepphoris said: There was an incident concerning a scorpion that went to perform its mission across the Jordan, and the Holy One, blessed be He, prepared a frog for it, and it crossed over upon it; and that scorpion went and stung a man, and he died. And there was an incident concerning a reaper who was standing and reaping in the valley of Beth Tofach. When the scorching heat came, he took grass and bound it on his head. A certain mighty serpent came upon him, and the man killed it. A certain snake-charmer passed by him and saw the slain serpent. He said to him: "Who killed this serpent?" He said to him: "I." He looked at the grass on his head. He said to him: "Will you remove the grass from your head?" He said to him: "Yes." When he removed it, he said to him: "Are you able to lift this serpent with this staff?" He said to him: "Yes." He did so. He drew near to it; he had not managed to touch it before it crumbled, limb by limb.

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Tanchuma, Beshalach 10Midrash Tanchuma

Midrash Tanchuma turns to The Quarrel Of The Sea And The Earth.

Wait a minute. Did they drown, or were they swallowed?

That seeming contradiction sparked a fascinating story, a sort of cosmic argument between the sea and the earth. Imagine it: The sea, churning with the defeated Egyptian army, turns to the earth and says, "Hey, these are your children! Time to take them back. After all, 'For dust you are, and to dust you shall return' (Gen. 3:19)." It's a cold, almost legalistic argument.

The earth isn’t so keen. "Receive your slain," she retorts. According to Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on (Exodus 15:12), neither the sea nor the earth wanted to take responsibility.

Why not? Well, the earth was afraid. Deeply afraid. As the story unfolds in Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, the earth feared that these dead soldiers would testify against it on the Day of Great Judgment, in the Olam Ha-Ba (the World to Come). A bit like Abel's blood crying out from the ground in (Genesis 4:10). Can you imagine the earth's anxiety?

So what happened? How did this standoff resolve itself?

God intervened. He inclined His right hand over the earth and swore an oath – a powerful, unbreakable promise – that the bodies of the dead would not be permitted to testify against the earth in the World to Come. Only then, reassured, did the earth open its mouth and swallow them. As we find in the Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on (Exodus 15:12), with divine assurance, the earth fulfilled its part.

It's a powerful image, isn't it? This myth, beautifully retold in Howard Schwartz's Tree of Souls, isn't just about resolving a textual contradiction. It's about responsibility, about justice, and about the sometimes uneasy relationship between the elements of creation. We see a similar concept in "The Quarrel of the Sun and the Moon," which Schwartz also includes in Tree of Souls.

But here’s the really striking part. Even in this moment of triumph, God doesn't rejoice in the downfall of the wicked. The Talmud, in B. Megillah 10b, tells us that when the ministering angels wanted to chant their hymns, celebrating the victory, God stopped them. "Shall you chant hymns," He asked, "while the work of My hands is being drowned in the sea?" Even as justice is served, there's a profound sadness, a recognition of the shared humanity – or perhaps, the shared creation – even with our enemies. It's a complex, nuanced view of divine justice, one that challenges us to see the world, and our enemies, with compassion. It’s a reminder that even in victory, humility and empathy have a place.

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Midrash Tehillim 104:6Midrash Tehillim

The book of Psalms, Tehillim, offers glimpses, poetic refrains that hint at the immense creative power at play. Psalm 104, in particular, paints a vivid picture: "The deep clothes itself with a garment; over the mountains the waters stood." It's a verse that sparked intense curiosity and debate among the Sages.

Midrash Tehillim, a collection of rabbinic interpretations of the Psalms, explores this very verse. We find Rabbi Yehuda and Rabbi Nechemia confronting a fundamental question: how does the earth stand upon the waters? The verse itself seems to suggest this, saying, "Who lays the beams of His upper chambers in the waters, Who makes the clouds His chariot, Who walks upon the wings of the wind" (Psalms 104:3). And then, adding to the mystery, "The waters stood above the mountains" (Psalms 104:6).

It’s mind-boggling, isn't it? How can something as solid as the earth rest upon something as fluid as water?

The Midrash (rabbinic interpretive commentary) continues, quoting, "The mountains rose, the valleys sank, to the place that You founded for them" (Psalms 104:8). This speaks of the ocean, the great tehom, whose boundary was set so that it should not pass over. God sends forth springs into the valleys; between the mountains they flow. Life-giving water amidst the towering peaks. And upon these waters, the fowl of the heavens dwell.

But even within this description, there’s room for differing interpretations. Rabbi Yishmael and Rabbi Akiva, two towering figures of Jewish thought, offer contrasting views. Rabbi Akiva suggests that the "fowl of the heavens" mentioned in the verse are actually ministering angels.

A beautiful image. Angels dwelling in the celestial heights.

But Rabbi Yishmael disagrees, rather strongly. "Akiva, your words have come to an end; go to [teach about] plagues and tents," he retorts. Ouch! A bit harsh, perhaps, but it highlights the passion and intensity of these debates. Rabbi Yishmael believes the verse refers to the actual birds that dwell upon the trees, their songs emanating from the Lord of the Universe. He finds support in (Psalms 11:2): "Amid the arrows they give voice."

The imagery of birdsong as a form of praise is compelling. And Rabbi Yehudah seems to agree, exclaiming, "How great is what you said, as it says, 'And their wings spread out beautifully' (Daniel 4:9)."

The Midrash then brings in another perspective from Samuel, who speaks of three wonders that defy understanding: "the way of a ship in the midst of the sea, the way of a serpent upon a rock, the way of a man with a maiden" (Proverbs 30:18-19). These are things we see, things we experience, but whose underlying mechanisms remain elusive, mysterious.

He adds to the list: "The one who hammers a stake into the ground and is heard from a distance; the voice of a horse when it runs and snorts; 'Amid the arrows they give voice.'" (Psalms 11:2).

What can we take away from all of this? Perhaps it's that the world is full of wonders, both grand and subtle. The earth resting upon the waters, the song of a bird, the mysteries of love and nature – these are all reminders of a divine artistry that transcends our full comprehension. We can analyze, debate, and interpret, but ultimately, we are left with a sense of awe and wonder at the interplay of creation. It is a call to appreciate the beauty and mystery that surrounds us, and to recognize the hand of the Divine in every corner of existence.

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