Parshat Beshalach7 min read

When the Sea and the Earth Went to War Over the Drowned

God orders Rahab to swallow the waters of creation. He refuses and is slain, and then the sea and the earth quarrel over who must take the dead.

Curated by Arthur · Told by Maggid ·
Table of Contents
  1. The Prince Who Would Not Drink the Flood
  2. Sand Set as a Bar and Doors
  3. The Springs Hidden in a Human Face
  4. The Sea and the Earth Refuse the Drowned
  5. The Oath That Opened the Ground

Rahab, prince of the sea, stood at the edge of a world that did not yet exist, and the waters rose around him without a shore to stop them.

When the Sea and the Earth Went to War Over the Drowned Click for full size

The Holy One had finished pouring out the deep, and now the deep had to be put somewhere. So the command came down to the one creature large enough to hold it. "Open your mouth," God said, "and swallow all the waters of creation."

Rahab looked at the flood he was meant to drink. He looked at the breadth of himself, already vast, already full. And he refused. "Master of the World," he said, "it is enough for me that I stand within my own." Then the prince of the sea began to weep, as if the asking itself were a cruelty.

The Prince Who Would Not Drink the Flood

God did not argue. He struck Rahab with His foot and killed him on the spot, and the great body of the sea-prince sank into the very waters he had refused to take. The deep closed over him. What he would not swallow now swallowed him.

And the waters, leaderless, lay down. They received the corpse of their prince. They received the weight of the One who had trodden upon them and pressed them flat beneath His heel. This was how the sea first learned obedience. Not by persuasion. By a death.

But a tamed thing is not yet a bound thing. The waters were quiet, and quiet is not the same as kept.

Sand Set as a Bar and Doors

So God went down to the shoreline and built a wall out of the softest thing He could find. He took sand, mere sand, and laid it as a bar and a set of doors across the mouth of the sea. "Thus far shall you come," He told the water, "and no farther."

It was an absurd boundary, and the sea knew it. A grain of sand can be moved by a child. A line of grains can be erased by one wave. Still the wave broke against the sand and drew back. It broke again and drew back again, and it has been breaking and drawing back ever since, against nothing but a fear it cannot name.

Then the sea found a different complaint. "Master of the World," it said, "if You shut me in like this, my sweet waters will mingle with the salty. The springs that feed the living will sour inside me." It was a real fear. A sea is not one water. It is fresh and brine and bitter current all pressed together in the dark.

"No," God answered. "Each and every one has a storehouse of its own." And He hid storehouses inside the deep, sealed rooms where the sweet stayed sweet and the salt stayed salt and no door between them ever opened. The waters lay layered and separate inside their own enormous body, touching everywhere, mingling nowhere.

The Springs Hidden in a Human Face

If that seems too strange to believe, God built a smaller proof and set it where no one could miss it. He put it in the front of every human head, in a span no wider than a hand.

Look at a face. There are springs in it, four of them, and not one tastes like another. The waters of the eyes run salt. The waters of the ears run oily. The waters of the nose run foul. The waters of the mouth run sweet. They sit a finger's width apart and they never blend.

Each spring was made cruel or kind on purpose. The eyes weep salt so grief will sting and stop, because a person who could cry over the dead painlessly at every hour would weep himself blind. The ears run oil so a hard word slides in one and out the other and never reaches the heart to kill it. The nose runs foul so its own rot revives a man before a worse stench can. And the mouth runs sweet, so that when the body heaves up its food, something gentle waits to call the soul back. A face is a sealed sea in miniature. If a span can hold four springs unmixed, the great deep can hold its storehouses without trouble.

The Sea and the Earth Refuse the Drowned

Generations later the binding held its first terrible test. Pharaoh's army drove into a sea that had opened like a corridor, and the walls of water remembered they were water and came down. An entire host sank into the storehouses of the deep.

Now the sea turned to the dry land with the drowned still tumbling in its current. "Take back your children," the sea said. "Dust they are, and to dust they return. They belong to you." It was a cold, lawyer's argument, and the sea meant every word.

The earth would not open. The earth was afraid. These were slain men, and the earth had buried slain men before and heard what their blood could do. Long ago the ground had drunk one murdered brother's blood, and that blood had cried out from the soil until it reached the Throne. The earth feared that every drowned Egyptian inside it would wait, silent, until the Day of the Great Judgment, and then rise to testify against the ground that had hidden the crime.

So the sea pushed the bodies toward the shore and the shore pushed them back, and the host that had hunted Israel floated unclaimed between two elements that each wanted the other to be guilty.

The Oath That Opened the Ground

God ended the quarrel with His own hand. He stretched His right hand over the dry land and swore an oath, a promise that could not be broken, that the drowned would never be permitted to testify against the earth in the world to come. The blood of these men would stay silent. The ground would carry no charge for carrying them.

Only then did the earth open its mouth and take them in.

And in heaven, where the ministering angels had been gathering to sing, a hymn died before it began. The angels had seen the enemy of Israel swallowed and wanted to celebrate the victory. God stopped them in the doorway of their own song. "The work of My hands is drowning in the sea," He said, "and you would sing?" The hall went quiet. The boundary held, the deep kept its dead, and no praise rose over the water closing above a defeated man.


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Midrash Tanchuma Buber, Chukat 1:1Midrash Tanchuma Buber, Chukat

Translation of the source text.Midrash Tanchuma (Buber), Public Domain, on Sefaria · CC-BY-SA

(Numbers 19:2:) "This is the statute of the Torah." Blessed be the name of the Supreme King of Kings, the Holy One, blessed be He, who created His world with wisdom and with understanding; His wonders have no limit, and His greatness no number; "He gathers the waters of the sea like a mound, and places the deeps in storehouses" (Psalms 33:7).

And what is the meaning of "He gathers the waters of the sea like a mound"? When the Holy One, blessed be He, created the world, He said to the prince of the sea: "Open your mouth and swallow all the waters of creation." He said before Him: "Master of the World, it is enough for me that I stand within my own." And he began to weep. He kicked him and killed him, as it is said: "By His power He stilled the sea, and by His understanding He smote Rahab" (Job 26:12). [You find that the prince of the sea was named Rahab. What did the Holy One, blessed be He, do? He subdued them and trod upon them,] and thus the sea received them, as it is said: "And He treads upon the heights of the earth, the Lord [God] of Hosts is His name" (Amos 4:13).

And He set for them sand as a bar and doors, as it is said: "And He shut up the sea with doors" (Job 38:8); and it says: "Will you not fear Me, says the Lord, [will you not tremble before Me,] who placed the sand as a boundary for the sea?" (Jeremiah 5:22); and it says: "Thus far shall you come, and no farther" (Job 38:11). The sea said to Him: "Master of the World, if so, my sweet waters will mingle with the salty." He said to it: "No. Each and every one has a storehouse of its own," as it is said: "He places the deeps in storehouses" (Psalms 33:7).

And should you say that this is a great wonder, that their waters do not mingle, behold, the face that the Holy One, blessed be He, created in human beings, the size of a full sit: it has several springs, and they do not mingle one with another. The waters of the eyes are salty, the waters of the ears are oily, the waters of the nose are foul, the waters of the mouth are sweet. Why are the waters of the eyes salty? Because when a person weeps over the dead at every hour, he would at once go blind; but because they are salty, he ceases and does not weep. Why are the waters of the ears oily? Because when a person hears harsh news, were he to retain it in his ears, it would bind itself to his heart and he would die; but because they are oily, he lets it out by this one and takes it in by that one. Why are the waters of the nose foul? Because when a person smells a foul odor, were it not for the foul waters of the nose that revive him, he would at once die. And why are the waters of the mouth sweet? Sometimes a person eats food that is not accepted by his heart and he vomits it; and were it not for the sweet waters of the mouth, his soul would not return to him. And moreover, because he reads in the Torah, of which it is written: "And sweeter than honey and the drippings of the comb" (Psalms 19:11), therefore the waters of the mouth are sweet.

And these are matters of a fortiori reasoning (kal va-homer): if a full sit has several springs and they do not mingle, the Great Sea, how much more so! As it is said: "This sea, [great] and wide of hand…" (Psalms 104:25). This is to teach you that in everything the Holy One, blessed be He, performs His mission, and He created not a single thing in vain. And sometimes the Holy One, blessed be He, performed His mission by means of [a frog, and by means of a gnat, and by means of a wasp, and by means of] a scorpion.

Rabbi Chanan of Sepphoris said: There was an incident concerning a scorpion that went to perform its mission across the Jordan, and the Holy One, blessed be He, prepared a frog for it, and it crossed over upon it; and that scorpion went and stung a man, and he died. And there was an incident concerning a reaper who was standing and reaping in the valley of Beth Tofach. When the scorching heat came, he took grass and bound it on his head. A certain mighty serpent came upon him, and the man killed it. A certain snake-charmer passed by him and saw the slain serpent. He said to him: "Who killed this serpent?" He said to him: "I." He looked at the grass on his head. He said to him: "Will you remove the grass from your head?" He said to him: "Yes." When he removed it, he said to him: "Are you able to lift this serpent with this staff?" He said to him: "Yes." He did so. He drew near to it; he had not managed to touch it before it crumbled, limb by limb.

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Tanchuma, Beshalach 10Midrash Tanchuma

Translation of the source text.Midrash Tanchuma -- Torat Emet · CC-BY

And lift thou up thy rod (Exod. 14:16). Ten miracles were performed in their behalf at the sea. The sea was split asunder for them, and became a kind of vault, as it is said: Thou hast struck through with his own rods the heads, etc. (Hab. 3:14). It was divided into twelve paths, as it is said: And stretch out thy hand over the sea and divide it (Exod. 14:16). It was turned into dry land, as it is said: And the children of Israel walked upon dry land the midst of the sea (ibid., v. 29). It was converted into a kind of clay, as is said: Thou hast trodden the sea with thy horses, the mud of mighty waters (Hab. 3:15). The water was made into pieces, as it is said: Thou didst break the sea into pieces by Thy strength (Ps. 74:13). It was changed into rocks, as is said: Thou didst shatter the heads of the sea monsters in the waters (ibid.). It was torn asunder, as it is said: To him who divided the Red Sea asunder (ibid. 136:13). It was piled up into stacks, as it is said: And with the blast of Thy nostrils, the waters were piled up (Exod. 15:8). It was made into a heap, as is said: Stood upright like a heap (ibid.). Barrels of sweet water flowed out of the salt water for them, and the sea congealed and became like a glass vessel, as it is said: The deeps were congealed (ibid.).

R. Judah declared: These ten verses are derived from various sources. It may be compared to a man traveling over a road, preceded by his son. If robbers approach from the front to seize the lad, he places him behind himself. If a wolf comes from behind to snatch him, he puts the lad in front of him. If he sees robbers behind him and the wolf before him, he takes his son in his arms. The Holy One, blessed be He, did likewise for Israel. When the sea was before them and the Egyptians behind, He bore them in His arms. When Israel began to suffer from the sun, He spread His cloak over them, as it is said: He spread a cloud for a screen (Ps. 105:39). When Israel became hungry, He gave them bread, as is stated: Behold, I will cause to rain bread from heaven for you (Exod. 16:4). When they became thirsty He gave them water, for He brought streams also out of the rock (Ps. 78:15).

The Israelites sang ten songs because of the ten miracles performed in their behalf. The first was in Egypt, as is said: You shall have a song as in the night when a feast is hallowed (Isa. 30:29). The second was at the Red Sea, as it is said: Then Moses sang (Exod. 15:1). The third was at the well: Then Israel sang this song (Num. 21:16). The fourth took place when Moses said: And it came to pass when Moses had made an end of writing (Deut. 31:24). The fifth: Then spoke Joshua to the Lord (Josh. 10:12). The sixth: Then sang Deborah and Barak the son of Abinoam (Judg. 5:6); the seventh: And David spoke unto the Lord the words of this song (II Sam. 22:1); the eight: A song at the dedication of the House; of David (Ps. 30:1). Did David actually dedicate the House (Temple)? The fact is that Solomon dedicated it, but inasmuch as David had set his heart upon erecting it, the song of dedication was ascribed to him. A similar example is contained in the verse And his sister stood far off (Exod. 2:4). Was she not the sister of both of them? Indeed she was, but inasmuch as she had devoted herself to Moses’ welfare, she is referred to by his name. Another instance of this is contained in the verse And the two sons of Jacob, Simeon and Levi, Dinah’s brothers took (Gen. 34:25). Was she not the sister of each of the tribal ancestors? She was indeed, but because these two had devoted themselves to her welfare, she is mentioned with their names. Another illustration is contained in the verse Cozbi the daughter of the chief of Midian, their sister (Num. 26:18). Was she actually a sister to all of them? (Hardly!) She was called their sister because she was deeply devoted to her people.

Then sang Moses (Exod. 15:1). They had faith in God (ibid. 14:31) and therefore merited acquiring the land. You find that because of his faith in God, our patriarch Abraham inherited both this world and the world-to-come, as is written: And he believed in the Lord; and He counted it to him for righteousness (Gen. 15:6). Similarly, because the people believed (Exod. 4:31), it is written: The Lord preserveth the faithful and plentifully repayeth him that acteth haughtily (Ps. 31:24). Similarly, with reference to Moses it says: And his hands were steady (faithful) until the going down of the sun (Exod. 17:12).

Scripture states: This is the gate of the Lord, the righteous shall enter into it (Ps. 118:20). Who are the righteous ones that will enter? The faithful ones, as it is said: Open ye the gates, that the righteous nation that keepeth faithfulness may enter in (Isa. 26:2). This is the gate that the faithful enter, as it is said: It is a good thing to give thanks unto the Lord, and to sing praises unto Thy name, O Most High, to declare Thy loving-kindness in the morning (Ps. 92:2). What is written after that? For Thou hast made me glad. What makes us glad? It is the faith which our fathers professed in this world, which is all night, as it is written: And thy faithfulness in the night seasons (ibid., v. 3). And it is also written: But the righteous shall live by his faith (Hab. 2:4), and They are new every morning, great is thy faithfulness (Lam. 3:23).

In the future exiles will not be redeemed except as a reward for faithfulness, as it is said: Come with me from Lebanon, my bride, with me from Lebanon; look from the top of Amana (Song 4:8). It says likewise: And I will betroth thee unto Me in faithfulness (Hos. 2:28). Thus you learn that faith is powerful, for in reward for faith, the Shekhinah hovered over them and they sang the song, as it is said: And they believed in the Lord … and Moses sang (Exod. 14:31–15:1), and it says also: Then believed they his words; they sang his praise (Ps. 106:12).

Then sang Moses. At times the word then refers to events that happened in the past, and at other times it refers to events that are to transpire in the future. The word then refers to past events in the following verses: Then began man to call upon the name of the Lord (Gen. 4:26), Then she said: “A bridegroom of blood” (Exod. 4:26), Then sang Israel this song (Num. 21:17), Then Solomon spoke (I Kings 18:12). All of these refer to past events. Instances in which the word then alludes to future events are: Then thou shalt see (Isa. 60:5), Then shall thy light break forth (ibid. 58:8), Then shall the lame man leap as a hart (ibid. 35:6), Then the eyes of the blind shall be opened (ibid., v. 5), Then shall the virgin rejoice (Jer. 31:13), Then was our mouth filled with laughter, and our tongue with singing (Ps. 126:2), and Then said they among the nations (ibid.). All these allude to future events. From this we learn that the concept of the resurrection of the dead is derived from the Torah.

Moses and the children of Israel (Exod. 15:1). This verse implies that Moses was equal to all the Israelites. Another explanation of Moses and the children of Israel is that Moses sang the song before the children of Israel did.

This song. Is there only one song? Was it not stated previously that there were ten songs? The eighth song is A psalm, a song at the dedication of the house, of David (Ps. 30:1). The fact is that Solomon was the one who dedicated it, as it is said: So the king and all the children of Israel dedicated the house of the Lord (I Kings 8:63). However, because David had set his heart upon dedicating it, the song was ascribed to him. Similarly, it says: Lord, remember unto David all his afflictions; how he swore unto the Lord, and vowed unto the Mighty One of Jacob: “Surely I will not come into the tent of my house, nor go up into the bed that is spread for me … until I find out a place for the Lord, a dwelling-place for the Mighty One of Jacob.” Lo, we heard it as being in Ephrath; we found it in the field of the wood (Ps. 132:1–6). Observe that it is written concerning it: Now see to this house, O David (I Kings 12:16). Hence you learn that because David desired with all his soul to build the Temple, it was called by his name.

Similarly, because Moses yearned for the Torah, it is called by his name. Whence do we know that he yearned for the Torah? It is said: And Moses was in the mount forty days and forty nights (Exod. 24:18). Where do we find that it is called by his name? It is written: Remember ye the law of Moses My servant (Mal. 3:22). Because he offered to sacrifice his life for Israel, Yet now if thou wilt forgive their sin (Exod. 32:33), they were called by his name: And his people remembered the days of old, the days of Moses (Isa. 63:11). And it is also written: Go, get thee down; for thy people have dealt corruptly (Exod. 32:7). Since He risked his life for the sake of justice, as it is written: Wherefore smitest thou thy fellow? (Exod. 2:13), he fled because of justice and returned because of justice. He executed righteousness, Lord, and his ordinances with Israel (Deut. 33:21). Does not justice, however, belong to God? Indeed! But since he devoted his life to justice, it is called by his name.

Similarly, it is written concerning Jehoshaphat: And when he had taken counsel with the people, he appointed them that should sing unto the Lord, and praise in the beauty of holiness, as they went out before the army, and say: “Give thanks unto the Lord, for His mercy endureth forever” (II Chron. 20:21). What is the difference between this song of praise and others found in the Torah? In all the other songs, For He is good is added, but in this instance For He is good is omitted, since there can be no rejoicing before Him on High over the destruction of the wicked. And since there could be no rejoicing before Him over the destruction of the wicked, surely there could be no joy at the destruction of the righteous, a single one of whom is equal to all the world in His sight. Hence it is said: But the righteous is an everlasting foundation (Prov. 10:25). The ninth song is the Song of Songs of Solomon. The tenth song is the song of the future: A psalm, O sing unto the Lord a new song; for He hath done marvelous things (Ps. 98:1).

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Midrash Tehillim 104:6Midrash Tehillim

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.Rabbi Mike Feuer, Jerusalem Anthology · CC-BY

The book of Psalms, Tehillim, offers glimpses, poetic refrains that hint at the immense creative power at play. Psalm 104, in particular, paints a vivid picture: "The deep clothes itself with a garment; over the mountains the waters stood." It's a verse that sparked intense curiosity and debate among the Sages.

Midrash Tehillim, a collection of rabbinic interpretations of the Psalms, explores this very verse. We find Rabbi Yehuda and Rabbi Nechemia confronting a fundamental question: how does the earth stand upon the waters? The verse itself seems to suggest this, saying, "Who lays the beams of His upper chambers in the waters, Who makes the clouds His chariot, Who walks upon the wings of the wind" (Psalms 104:3). And then, adding to the mystery, "The waters stood above the mountains" (Psalms 104:6).

How can something as solid as the earth rest upon something as fluid as water?

The Midrash (rabbinic interpretive commentary) continues, quoting, "The mountains rose, the valleys sank, to the place that You founded for them" (Psalms 104:8). This speaks of the ocean, the great tehom, whose boundary was set so that it should not pass over. God sends forth springs into the valleys; between the mountains they flow. Life-giving water amidst the towering peaks. And upon these waters, the fowl of the heavens dwell.

But even within this description, there’s room for differing interpretations. Rabbi Yishmael and Rabbi Akiva, two towering figures of Jewish thought, offer contrasting views. Rabbi Akiva suggests that the "fowl of the heavens" mentioned in the verse are actually ministering angels.

A beautiful image. Angels dwelling in the celestial heights.

But Rabbi Yishmael disagrees, rather strongly. "Akiva, your words have come to an end; go to [teach about] plagues and tents," he retorts. Ouch! A bit harsh, perhaps, but it highlights the passion and intensity of these debates. Rabbi Yishmael believes the verse refers to the actual birds that dwell upon the trees, their songs emanating from the Lord of the Universe. He finds support in (Psalms 11:2): "Amid the arrows they give voice."

The imagery of birdsong as a form of praise is compelling. And Rabbi Yehudah seems to agree, exclaiming, "How great is what you said, as it says, 'And their wings spread out beautifully' (Daniel 4:9)."

The Midrash then brings in another perspective from Samuel, who speaks of three wonders that defy understanding: "the way of a ship in the midst of the sea, the way of a serpent upon a rock, the way of a man with a maiden" (Proverbs 30:18-19). These are things we see, things we experience, but whose underlying mechanisms remain elusive, mysterious.

He adds to the list: "The one who hammers a stake into the ground and is heard from a distance; the voice of a horse when it runs and snorts; 'Amid the arrows they give voice.'" (Psalms 11:2).

Perhaps it's that the world is full of wonders, both grand and subtle. The earth resting upon the waters, the song of a bird, the mysteries of love and nature – these are all reminders of a divine artistry that transcends our full comprehension. We can analyze, debate, and interpret, but ultimately, we are left with a sense of awe and wonder at the interplay of creation. It is a call to appreciate the beauty and mystery that surrounds us, and to recognize the hand of the Divine in every corner of existence.

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