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The Queen of Sheba Mistook Solomon's Glass Floor for Water

The Queen of Sheba crossed a desert to expose Solomon as a fraud. He sat her on a floor of glass that looked like water, and the testing began.

Curated by Arthur · Told by Maggid ·
Table of Contents
  1. A Bird Carried the Summons to Kitor
  2. Solomon Ruled the Beasts, the Birds, and the Night
  3. The Hall Where the Floor Looked Like Water
  4. The Riddles She Carried From the South
  5. What She Carried Home

The queen reached the threshold of the great hall and stopped. Water lay across the floor in front of her, bright and unmoving, lapping at the foot of the seat where Solomon waited. She bent, gathered the heavy hem of her gown in both hands, and raised it to wade across. Her bare foot came down on dry stone. There was no water. The floor was glass laid over pale marble, polished until it swallowed the light and gave back the picture of a flood, and the king of Israel had unsettled the proudest ruler in the south before she had asked him a single question.

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A Bird Carried the Summons to Kitor

It had started with a bird. Solomon held court over more than men, and at a muster of every winged creature in his kingdom he found the hoopoe missing from the ranks. When the bird came back it spoke of a country far to the south, the city of Kitor in the land of Sheba, where the dust was gold, the trees had grown from seeds of Eden, and a queen knelt each morning to worship the sun. The king's scribes wrote a letter, bound it to the hoopoe's wing, and sent the bird south at the head of a darkening cloud of wings. The queen walked out at dawn to pray and found the sky above Kitor gone black. She tore her robe in alarm. Then she loosed the letter and read a summons from a king she had never met: come to Jerusalem, or his armies and his spirits would come to her.

Solomon Ruled the Beasts, the Birds, and the Night

The reports she had collected over the years were not modest ones. A king sat in Jerusalem who understood the speech of beasts and birds and demons, who commanded the spirits and the spectres of the night, and who had never met a riddle he could not crack open. He ruled from a throne of gold carried out of Ophir, guarded by seventy-two golden lions and seventy-two golden eagles, a seat no other kingdom on earth could copy. She did not believe a word of it. So she loaded her camels with spices and gold and the hardest questions her wise men could invent, and set out to see the wonder for herself, or to break it.

The Hall Where the Floor Looked Like Water

Benaiah met her at the city gate and walked her in. Solomon had gone ahead to seat himself in a chamber of glass, and that is where the illusion caught her. She saw the king ringed by water and lifted her skirt to keep the cloth dry, and as her foot came down on the bare glass he looked at her uncovered legs and saw they were thick with hair. He did not look away. "Your beauty is the beauty of a woman," he told her, "but your hair is the hair of a man. On a man it is an ornament. On a woman it is a blemish." She had crossed a desert to strip his reputation bare. He had stripped her first, in the space of a single step, and only then did she begin to ask her questions.

The Riddles She Carried From the South

She set traps that looked like games. She lined up children of the same height dressed in the same clothes and told him to tell the boys from the girls. Solomon called for roasted ears of corn and handfuls of nuts and scattered them across the floor. The boys snatched them up with bare hands. The girls drew them in from under their garments, too modest to bare their arms, and the king named each child without a single miss. She brought him men, some circumcised and some not, and asked him to sort them. He gave a sign to the high priest, the Ark of the Covenant was opened, and the circumcised bowed low as the light poured out of it. One snare after another sprang shut on nothing. Every secret she set before him was already lying open in his hand.

What She Carried Home

By the end she had stopped testing him. She blessed the God who had set such a man over Israel, gave the king a fortune in gold and spices and gems, took gifts of his own in return, and turned her camels back toward the south. She had crossed a desert to break a legend and had only fed it. The floor that looked like water, the king who read her before she spoke, the riddles that shattered one after another against his calm. She had come to unmask a fraud and left as his witness.


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From the tradition

Sources

7 sources

The texts behind this telling. Some cards carry a translation of the source; others are our own retelling of it, and each card says which. Every card links out to the original.

Legends of the Jews 5:55Legends of the Jews

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Legends of the Jews by Louis Ginzberg (1909) · Public Domain

Intrigued, he decides to reach out to the Queen of Sheba. But how do you send a royal invitation across vast distances in those days? You use avian mail, of course!

That Solomon, pleased with the hoopoe's report, summoned his scribes. They carefully penned a letter, bound it securely to the hoopoe's wing, and off it flew, soaring skyward with its distinctive cry, followed by a whole flock of other birds.

Their destination? Kitor, in the land of Sheba. Now, picture this: it’s morning, and the queen is outside, engaged in her daily worship of the sun. Suddenly, the sky darkens as a massive flock of birds blots out the sunlight. The queen, understandably startled, tears her garment in astonishment.

Then, the hoopoe, the messenger, alights nearby. Seeing the letter attached to its wing, the queen takes it and reads the message. What did it say? Well, it was quite the royal decree!

The letter, straight from King Solomon himself, begins with a greeting: "From me, King Solomon! Peace be with thee, peace with the nobles of thy realm!" Then it gets down to business. Solomon declares that God has appointed him king over all creatures – beasts, birds, demons, spirits, you name it! He boasts that kings from across the East and West come to greet him.

But here’s the real kicker: Solomon offers the Queen of Sheba an invitation, and a warning. "If thou wilt come and salute me," he writes, "I shall show thee great honor, more than to any of the kings that attend me." But, he continues, "if thou wilt not pay homage to me, I shall send out kings, legions, and riders against thee!"

And who are these kings, legions, and riders? According to Solomon, "The beasts of the field are my kings, the birds my riders, the demons, spirit, and shades of the night my legions." A pretty formidable force. The letter concludes with a rather chilling threat: "The demons will throttle you in your beds at night, while the beasts will slay you in the field, and the birds will consume your flesh." Yikes!

So, what do you think the Queen of Sheba did? Did she accept Solomon's invitation? Did she risk the wrath of his wild army? That, my friends, is a story for another time. But it does make you wonder about the power of words, the audacity of kings, and the important role even the smallest creatures can play in the grand scheme of things.

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Legends of the Jews 5:51Legends of the Jews

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Legends of the Jews by Louis Ginzberg (1909) · Public Domain

Legends of the Jews turns to The Queen of Sheba Tests Solomon With Ancient Riddles.

Well, stories abound, and some of the most intriguing revolve around riddles, specifically, riddles posed by none other than the Queen of Sheba. Of all the tales, only a handful of riddles displaying Solomon’s incredible wit have survived. They are all tied directly to the Queen and her visit. for a second. The Queen of Sheba, ruler of a distant land, undertaking a long and arduous journey to test the wisdom of Solomon. What was her motivation? What was their relationship? The story of this queen, her connection to Solomon, and the reasons that propelled her from her faraway kingdom to Jerusalem is a fascinating chapter in the already eventful life of the wisest of all men.

The tradition says Solomon's dominion extended far beyond the human realm. He ruled not only over people, but also over the beasts of the field, the birds of the air, even demons, spirits, and the specters of the night. He possessed a unique gift: he understood the language of them all, and they understood him. Legends of the Jews, by Louis Ginzberg, paints this picture vividly. It’s wild to imagine a king with such comprehensive power! What would he say to the animals, and what did he learn from the spirits?

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Targum Sheni on Esther 1:2:2Targum Sheni on Esther

Translation of the source text.Berlin, 1898 · Public Domain

This King Solomon was it who had caused a glorious royal throne to be made, covered with gold from Ophir, overlaid with beryl stones, brilliants, marble, samaragel, carbuncle, diamonds, pearls, and other precious stones. For no king was the throne made like it, and no kingdom could produce similar ones. This throne was made as follows: Twelve lions of gold stood upon it, and opposite to them twelve eagles of gold, a lion opposite an eagle, and an eagle opposite a lion. The right paw of the golden lion was toward the left wing of the golden eagle, and the left wing of the golden eagle was toward the right paw of the golden lion. The sum of all the lions upon it was seventy-two, and there were the same number of eagles. Towards the top, where the king's seat was, the throne was round. It had six steps of gold, as it is written: "The king made a throne of ivory, and this throne had six steps." Upon the first step lay a golden ox, and opposite to it a golden lion; upon the second step lay a golden bear, and opposite to it a golden lamb; upon the third step lay a golden panther, and opposite to it a golden owl; upon the fourth step lay a golden eagle, and opposite to it a golden peacock; upon the fifth step lay a golden cat, and opposite to it a golden hen; and upon the sixth step lay a golden hawk, and opposite to it a golden dove. Upon the throne stood likewise a golden dove, holding a golden hawk in its claws. Thus one day will all the nations and languages be delivered into the hands of King Messiah, and into the hands of the house of Israel.
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Legends of the Jews 5:59Legends of the Jews

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Legends of the Jews by Louis Ginzberg (1909) · Public Domain

The story goes that Benaiah, one of Solomon's most trusted courtiers, escorted the Queen to meet the king. But this wasn't just any meeting. Solomon, in his infinite wisdom (and perhaps a touch of theatrical flair), had arranged the encounter in a house made entirely of glass. Imagine the scene: shimmering reflections, light dancing everywhere... a true spectacle.

That's where the trickery began. As the Queen approached, she saw Solomon sitting, seemingly surrounded by water. Can you picture her surprise? Thinking she needed to protect her garments, she lifted her skirt to wade through the "water."

There was no water. It was an illusion, a dazzling display of Solomon's ingenuity.

Here’s where things get interesting. As the Queen raised her garment, Solomon noticed something about her feet: they were hairy. Now, before we jump to conclusions, remember this is folklore. What does it all mean?

Solomon, ever the diplomat (and maybe a little blunt), remarked, "Thy beauty is the beauty of a woman, but thy hair is masculine; hair is an ornament to a man, but it disfigures a woman." Ouch. A bit of a backhanded compliment, wouldn’t you say?

This encounter, as recounted in Legends of the Jews (Ginzberg's retelling, that is), isn't just about appearances. It's about challenging assumptions, about seeing beyond the surface. It's about how even the wisest among us can be deceived, and how even royalty isn't immune to a little embarrassment.

But the story doesn't end there. The Queen, undeterred by Solomon's observation, immediately engages him in a battle of wits. "I have heard of thee and thy wisdom," she said, "if now I inquire of thee concerning a matter, wilt thou answer me?" To which Solomon, ever confident, replies, "The Lord giveth wisdom, out of His mouth cometh knowledge and understanding."

This sets the stage for the riddles and tests of wisdom that are to come. But for now, let's just ponder that initial meeting. What was Solomon trying to prove with his glass house illusion? Was he simply showing off his power and intelligence? Or was there a deeper lesson he wanted the Queen of Sheba to learn?

Perhaps it's a reminder for all of us: things aren't always as they seem. And sometimes, a little bit of humility – even for a queen – can go a long way.

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Legends of the Jews 5:63Legends of the Jews

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Legends of the Jews by Louis Ginzberg (1909) · Public Domain

Legends of the Jews turns to The Queen of Sheba's Gender Test That Solomon Solved Instantly.

She placed a group of males and females, all of the same height and dressed in identical clothing, before him. "Distinguish between them," she challenged.

How would you do it? Solomon, without missing a beat, signaled to his eunuchs. They brought forth nuts and roasted ears of corn. The reaction, according to the legend, was the key. The males, unashamed, grabbed the treats with their bare hands. The females, more demure, carefully extended gloved hands from beneath their garments to take the offered food.

"Those are the males," Solomon declared, "and these the females." Simple, elegant, and insightful. It's the kind of solution that makes you say, "Of course! But I never would have thought of that."

But the Queen of Sheba wasn't done yet. She had another trick up her sleeve. This time, she presented Solomon with a group of men, some circumcised and others not. Could he tell the difference?

This time, Solomon’s response was even more…divine.

He signaled to the Kohen Gadol, the High Priest. The High Priest then opened the Ark of the Covenant. Now, remember the Ark of the Covenant – the holiest object in Judaism, housing the tablets of the Ten Commandments. Its presence was said to radiate the Shekhinah, the divine presence.

According to the story, those who were circumcised bowed deeply, their faces illuminated by the Shekhinah. Those who were uncircumcised fell prostrate, face down on the ground.

"Those are circumcised, these uncircumcised," Solomon announced.

"Thou art wise, " the Queen exclaimed, finally convinced of Solomon's unparalleled wisdom.

What are we to make of these stories? They're more than just ancient anecdotes. They illustrate that wisdom isn't just about knowing facts; it's about understanding human nature and having a connection to the divine. It's about seeing beneath the surface and discerning the truth.

These tales from Legends of the Jews, drawing on older sources like the Talmud and Midrash (rabbinic interpretive commentary), remind us that true wisdom is a gift, a skill, and perhaps even a responsibility. It’s a gift to be used thoughtfully, a skill to be honed, and a responsibility to be wielded with humility and understanding. Perhaps, like Solomon, we too can find wisdom in the unexpected places, in the subtle cues, and in the presence of something greater than ourselves.

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Antiquities VIII.6Antiquities of the Jews (Josephus)

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.Antiquities of the Jews, trans. William Whiston · Public Domain

She did not trust the reports. The Queen of Sheba, whom Josephus calls the queen of Egypt and Ethiopia, heard endless stories about Solomon's wisdom, but she refused to believe secondhand accounts. Hearsay, she reasoned, always inflates the truth. She would judge for herself.

So she assembled a caravan loaded with gold, precious stones, and rare spices, and traveled to Jerusalem. Her purpose was specific: she brought riddles and questions of extreme difficulty, problems designed to expose whether Solomon's reputation was real or merely propaganda. Solomon answered every one of them faster than anyone expected.

It was not the riddles that stunned her. It was everything else. She toured the royal palace and marveled at the architecture. She observed the daily operations, the organization of the servants, their clothing, their choreographed attendance at meals. She watched the daily Temple sacrifices and saw how the priests and Levites managed every detail with precision. The House of the Forest of Lebanon left her speechless.

Finally she could not contain herself. She told Solomon directly: "Everything I heard about you was an understatement. The reports tried to convince my ears, but they could not capture what my eyes now see. Your people and your servants are fortunate, they hear your wisdom every single day." Then she blessed God for loving the land of Israel enough to place such a king over it (1 Kings 10:9).

The gifts she brought were spectacular, twenty talents of gold, an enormous quantity of spices, and precious stones. Josephus adds a tradition that the balsam root, which still grew in the land of Israel in his own day, originally came from this queen's gift. Solomon reciprocated generously, giving her whatever she desired. Nothing she asked for was refused. Then she returned to her own kingdom, having confirmed with her own eyes what rumor alone could never prove.

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Targum Sheni on Esther 1:2:10Targum Sheni on Esther

Translation of the source text.Berlin, 1898 · Public Domain

And at the end of three years, the Queen of Sheba came to King Solomon. When it was told to King Solomon that the Queen of Sheba had come, he sent out to her Benaiah son of Jehoiada, who was like the dawn that breaks at morning, like the morning star that shines among the stars, and like the lily that stands by streams of water. When the Queen of Sheba saw Benaiah son of Jehoiada, she stepped down from her chariot. Benaiah said to her, 'Why have you stepped down from your chariot?' She answered, 'Are you not King Solomon?' He said, 'I am not King Solomon, but one of his servants who stand before him.' At once she turned and spoke a parable to her nobles: 'If you have not seen the lion, you have seen its den; and if you have not seen King Solomon, you have seen the beauty of the man who stands before him.' Benaiah son of Jehoiada brought her before King Solomon. And when King Solomon heard that she had come to him, he rose and went and sat in a house of glass. The queen, in her heart, thought the king was sitting in water; and as she crossed over to him she uncovered her legs, and he saw hair upon them. King Solomon answered and said to her, 'Your beauty is the beauty of women, and your hair is the hair of men; hair is becoming to a man, but to a woman it is a disgrace.'
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