5 min read

Uzza Stood in Heaven Before Egypt's Plagues

Before Egypt felt the first plague, Uzza stood in heaven's court while Pharaoh searched old records and Balaam chose the Nile.

Curated by Arthur · Told by Maggid ·
Table of Contents
  1. The Court Opened Above Egypt
  2. The Debt Became a Chain
  3. Pharaoh Claimed the Nile
  4. Balaam Chose the River
  5. Bitterness Entered the House of Levi
  6. The Sentence Moved Downward

The summons reached Uzza before Egypt heard the first cry of a plague. He stood above the kingdom he guarded, while the Nile still glittered below and Pharaoh still believed the river belonged to him.

The Court Opened Above Egypt

God gathered His heavenly family and placed Egypt's angel before them. The court did not begin with thunder. It began with memory. Judge truthfully, God said, between Me and Uzza, the angel of the Egyptians.

Then the old debt was brought out into the open. Egypt had once been a hungry nation counting the days until the grain ran out. Joseph entered its palaces with wisdom in his mouth and saved the land through the famine. Storehouses opened. Bodies lived. Children ate because a son of Jacob had been raised to power in a foreign court.

Debt can become gratitude. It can also rot. Egypt took the family of the man who had saved it and turned them into a labor force. The guests became bricks. The descendants of Joseph bent their backs under rigor. Every lash made the old account heavier.

The Debt Became a Chain

The cry rose from the work pits. It came from men who could no longer straighten their shoulders, from women counting children against decrees, from houses where Hebrew names were spoken under the breath. The cry reached heaven, and heaven did not treat it as noise.

God sent Moses and Aaron with words Pharaoh could have obeyed. Let My people go. Pharaoh answered like a man offended by the existence of any command above his own. He turned to his servants and ordered them to search the records. Find this God, he demanded. Find His name among the old powers. Tell me whether He appears in the royal lists.

The servants searched. They came back with a name older than Pharaoh's pride, a name attached to ancient wisdom and kings before kings. Pharaoh heard them and hardened. A record could be filed away. A river could be claimed. A slave could be worked until his voice broke.

Pharaoh Claimed the Nile

Pharaoh looked at the river and saw a throne lying flat across the earth. He announced that he had made the Nile. It fed his fields, carried his boats, reflected his monuments, and received his secrets. A man who says such a thing has stopped arguing with heaven. He has made himself too large to hear.

Above him, Uzza had to stand with that claim on the record. The angel of Egypt was not accused for one cruelty alone. The charge held a whole history: famine answered with salvation, salvation answered with slavery, messengers answered with contempt, and a ruler who called the river his own.

The court did not need to invent a punishment. Egypt had already chosen its symbol. The water that Pharaoh praised as his possession would become the place where his power was exposed.

Balaam Chose the River

In the palace below, Balaam gave Pharaoh counsel with a cold eye. If a deliverer was coming from Israel, then the danger had to be met before the child could stand, before a staff could strike stone, before a mouth could speak in God's name. Balaam pointed toward the water.

Drown them.

So the Nile became more than a river. It became a border between a mother's arms and Pharaoh's fear. The king who boasted that he had made the water now ordered Hebrew children into it, as if the current itself could be drafted into royal service.

Every decree has a sound. This one sounded like doors bolted at night, midwives whispering, women leaning over cradles with their breath held. It sounded like Egypt trying to kill a future it could not name.

Bitterness Entered the House of Levi

In the tribe of Levi, Amram married Jochebed, and the house did not wait for better weather to begin again. Jochebed was already old, 126 years old in the telling, old enough that Pharaoh's men would not have looked at her and imagined a threat. Life entered through the place tyranny forgot to watch.

A daughter was born first. They named her Miriam, from maror, bitterness, because the air itself had become bitter under Egypt's hand. Then Aaron was born in the season when Pharaoh's cruelty grew sharper and the blood of Israel's children stained the decree. Each birth was a refusal written in flesh.

Moses had not yet floated on the river. His basket had not yet touched the reeds. But the court above had already heard the case, and Pharaoh's own choices had prepared the evidence against him.

The Sentence Moved Downward

The plagues did not fall as a tantrum from heaven. They came after testimony. Uzza stood for Egypt, and Egypt stood inside him: the unpaid debt to Joseph, the slaves bent under labor, the murdered children, the river claimed by a king who thought creation was a royal possession.

Then judgment descended. Water would not stay obedient. The palace would not stay sealed. The gods of Egypt would not protect their worshippers from the God Pharaoh could not locate in his archives.

The river that Pharaoh claimed as his own had already been entered into evidence.


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The texts this telling draws on, in full. Open a card to read inline, or expand it for a wider, quieter read.

Legends of the Jews 1:40Legends of the Jews

The story begins with God convening His celestial court, His "family" of angels. He's about to make a case, and He wants their input. As we learn in Legends of the Jews, God addresses the angel hosts, saying, "Judge ye in truth between Me and yonder Uzza, the Angel of the Egyptians."

God then lays out the facts, as He sees them. He recounts how He brought famine upon Egypt, but then appointed Joseph to save them, a leader of great chochma, wisdom. As a result, the Egyptians became indebted to Joseph and, eventually, to the Israelites. But what started as refuge turned into enslavement.

"My children went down into their land as strangers," God says, "in consequence of the famine, and they made the children of Israel to serve with rigor in all manner of hard work there is in the world." The Israelites cried out from their suffering, and their cries reached God. So, He sent Moses and Aaron to Pharaoh, His "faithful messengers."

Here’s where things get interesting. Moses and Aaron deliver God’s message: "Thus said the Lord, the God of Israel, Let My people go, that they may hold a feast unto Me in the wilderness." Simple enough. But Pharaoh, puffed up with pride, refuses. In front of everyone, "the sinner began to boast," as Legends of the Jews puts it. He scoffs, "Who is the Lord, that I should hearken unto His voice, to let Israel go? Why comes He not before me, like all the kings of the world, and why doth He not bring me a present like the others? This God of whom you speak, I know Him not at all." Can you imagine saying that?

And it gets worse! Pharaoh even asks his servants to check his records to see if he can find this God's name! His servants respond, "'We have heard that He is the son of the wise, the son of ancient kings.' Then Pharaoh asked My messengers, 'What are the works of this God?' and they replied, 'He is the God of gods, the Lord of lords, who created the heaven and the earth.'"

But Pharaoh remains unconvinced. He claims, "There is no God in all the world that can accomplish such works besides me, for I made myself, and I made the Nile river." The ultimate hubris!

Because of this denial, God unleashed the ten plagues upon Egypt, a series of devastating events that finally compelled Pharaoh to let the Israelites go. But even then, Pharaoh’s heart was hardened. He pursued the fleeing Israelites, determined to bring them back into bondage.

So, God concludes His case before the angels: "Now, seeing all that hath happened to him, and that he will not acknowledge Me as God and Lord, does he not deserve to be drowned in the sea with his host?"

It's a powerful question, isn't it? It forces us to consider the consequences of denying the divine, of choosing arrogance over humility. What do you think the angels said? And what do you think?

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Jasher 67Book of Jasher

There are so many fascinating texts that offer different perspectives and details on familiar narratives. a chapter from one of these books: the Book of Jasher. Specifically, we'll be looking at Chapter 67, which gives us its own take on the events leading up to the birth of Moses.

The chapter begins by setting the stage with Amram, a man from the tribe of Levi, marrying Jochebed. Now, here's a detail you don't often hear: Jasher tells us Jochebed was 126 years old when they married! From this union, Miriam is born, her name a reflection of the bitterness (maror) the Israelites were experiencing under Egyptian rule. Then comes Aaron, born at a time when Pharaoh's cruelty was reaching new heights, with the spilling of Israelite children's blood.

Before we get to Moses, the Book of Jasher takes a detour, introducing us to some other players. We hear of the death of Zepho, king of Chittim, and the ascension of Janeas to the throne. And then – get this – Balaam, yes, that Balaam, the one with the talking donkey in the Book of Numbers, enters the scene. According to Jasher, Balaam flees from Chittim to Egypt and becomes a highly honored counselor to Pharaoh.

It’s in Pharaoh's 130th year that he has a disturbing dream. He sees an old man with merchant's scales. In one scale, the old man places all the elders and nobles of Egypt, bound together. In the other? A milk kid. And the kid outweighs them all! Can you picture the shock?

Naturally, Pharaoh is deeply troubled. He summons his wise men, including Balaam, to interpret the dream. Balaam, never one to miss an opportunity for doom and gloom, tells Pharaoh the dream signifies a great evil that will befall Egypt: a son will be born to Israel who will destroy Egypt and lead the Israelites to freedom.

So, what's a Pharaoh to do? He asks Balaam for advice on how to prevent this prophecy from coming true. Balaam suggests consulting Pharaoh's other counselors, Reuel the Midianite (who some identify with Jethro, Moses' future father-in-law!) and Job the Uzite (yes, that Job!).

Reuel, surprisingly, advises Pharaoh to leave the Hebrews alone, reminding him of the consequences faced by those who harmed Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. He argues that the God of Israel fiercely protects his chosen people. He even brings up Pharaoh's own ancestor who took Sarah, Abraham's wife, and was afflicted with plagues as a result! It's a powerful speech, urging caution and respect.

But Pharaoh is unmoved. He turns to Job, who simply says, "Do as you see fit." Talk about unhelpful advice!

Finally, Pharaoh asks Balaam again. Balaam acknowledges that the Israelites have been protected from every previous attempt to harm them. Fire? Think of Abraham surviving the fiery furnace. Swords? Remember Isaac and the ram. Hard labor? Jacob prospered despite Laban's oppression.

Balaam then proposes a truly horrific solution: infanticide. He suggests that Pharaoh order all newborn Hebrew male children to be thrown into the river. This, he argues, is something their ancestors never faced, and therefore the only way to wipe out the Israelites.

And tragically, Pharaoh agrees. He issues a decree that every male Hebrew child born from that day forward must be thrown into the Nile, while the female children are allowed to live.

The chapter then describes the heartbreaking reality of this decree. Some Israelite men separate from their wives to avoid bringing more children into the world. Others remain with their wives, and when the time comes to give birth, the women go to the fields, deliver their babies alone, and leave them there.

But here's where the story takes a turn towards the miraculous. The Book of Jasher tells us that God sends angels to care for these abandoned infants. The angels wash, anoint, and clothe them. They even provide them with two smooth stones, one yielding milk and the other honey! The babies grow miraculously, hidden by their own rapidly growing hair.

When God decides the time is right, the earth opens up and swallows the children, protecting them until they are grown. Then, the earth spits them back out, and they return to their families, flourishing like plants in a field.

The Egyptians, witnessing this miracle, attempt to plow the fields to harm the children, but they are unable to. The Israelites continue to multiply, despite Pharaoh's cruel decree. Yet, Pharaoh's officers continue their gruesome task, snatching babies from their mothers and throwing them into the river.

What a powerful, if unsettling, chapter! It’s a reminder that even in the darkest of times, hope, resilience, and the possibility of divine intervention can persist. The Book of Jasher’s telling of these events adds layers of complexity and wonder to a story we think we know, prompting us to consider the many untold narratives woven into the fabric of our history. How does this version of the story change your understanding of the Exodus narrative? What does it tell us about the nature of evil, and the enduring strength of the human spirit?

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