Parshat Vayishlach7 min read

Zepho and the Monster in the Mountain Cave of Kittim

Esau's grandson Zepho slays a half-goat beast in a mountain cave, is crowned king of Kittim, then begs the God of Abraham to save his idol army.

Curated by Arthur · Told by Maggid ·
Table of Contents
  1. The Ox That Walked Into the Mountain
  2. The Beast Behind the Stone
  3. The Crown Nobody Expected to Give Him
  4. The Prayer of a Man Who Worshipped Idols
  5. The Hatred That Outlived the Rescue

The Ox That Walked Into the Mountain

A single ox wandered off from the herds of Kittim, and a fugitive went up the mountain to find it. The fugitive was Zepho, grandson of Esau, and he had run a long way to reach these western islands. Behind him in Egypt lay the wreck of his ambition. He had begged King Agnias to march on Goshen, raised an army for it, and watched it collapse when a boy diviner named Balaam, barely fifteen and already famous for his wax figures and his bowls of trembling water, foretold defeat. Worse than the failed war was the memory under it. In an earlier clash the sons of Jacob had broken Zepho's people and dragged him off in chains, and Joseph himself had given the order. Zepho had worn those irons and remembered their weight.

So now he climbed alone, and the trail of the ox led him to a wall of stone where no cave should have been.

The Beast Behind the Stone

A great rock sealed the mouth of the cave. Zepho set his shoulder against it and shoved until it rolled aside, and from the dark came a stench of old kills and the sound of something breathing that was too large to be a man. Inside crouched the thing the herdsmen of Kittim spoke of only in whispers. From the waist up it had the shape of a man. From the waist down it was a he-goat, hoofed and rank, and it had eaten its way through the cattle of the land one beast at a time, dragging them into this hole in the mountain.

Zepho did not call for help. He drew his sword and went down into the dark after it. What happened inside left only one of them alive. When he climbed back into the daylight his arms were torn and his blade was wet, and the monster of the mountain would devour nothing more.

The people of Kittim had no word for what he had done. The terror that had thinned their herds for a generation was finished, killed by a stranger they had taken in out of pity. They set aside a day each year in his honor and brought him gifts and offerings, and the fugitive who had arrived with nothing became a man the islands could not stop praising.

The Crown Nobody Expected to Give Him

War came soon after, as it always did between Kittim and Africa. Agnias sent his soldiers across the water, and the people put Zepho at the head of their lines. He drove the Africans back to their own borders and returned with the kind of victory that rewrites a man's standing. This time the islanders did not merely thank him. They made him king.

He did not rest in the title. He marched against the sons of Tubal and the Islands of the Sea and subdued them, and the people built him a palace. For thirteen years the peace held. Then Agnias struck again, and Zepho shattered the African host and chased the survivors home. Agnias gathered a second army, and Zepho left none of them standing.

So Agnias did the thing a desperate king does. He emptied all of Africa, a multitude measured against the sand of the sea, joined it to the army of his brother Lucus, and turned the whole mass toward Kittim for a third and final war.

The Prayer of a Man Who Worshipped Idols

Now the islands that had crowned a monster-slayer looked thin against the horizon. Zepho sent to his kinsmen in Seir, the children of Esau, and asked them to fight beside him. They refused. They had already bound themselves to Agnias. The grandson of Esau stood with a smaller army than he had ever commanded, facing a host he could not count, abandoned by his own blood.

And the idol-king prayed.

He did not pray to the gods of Kittim whose festivals he kept. He reached past them, back across the chain of his fathers, and called on the God of Abraham and Isaac, the God his grandfather Esau had been born to lose. He invoked the covenant as though it still had room in it for him, and begged for deliverance from a heaven he had never honored.

The God of his fathers heard him.

The battle that followed broke the African host. Zepho's smaller force tore through Agnias and Lucus until the field belonged to Kittim. A man who knelt to carved gods had been answered by the unseen one, saved by an inheritance he had spent his whole life refusing.

The Hatred That Outlived the Rescue

The rescue changed nothing in him. He rose from the victory and went back to the idols of his adopted people as if the heavens had never opened for him. When Balaam came fleeing west after his own disgrace, Zepho took the diviner in and kept him close, and the old hunger woke again, sharper now that fortune had proved him a king who could win.

He waited. He waited for the generation that had chained him to die out, for Joseph and his brothers to go down to their graves, for Pharaoh's strong men to follow them. When the last of them was gone, he moved. He allied with Hadad, king of Edom, and called the nations of the East and the Ishmaelites to his standard, until his army stretched across a three-day march when it lined up for battle.

They gathered against Egypt in the Valley of Pathros, three hundred thousand Egyptians and a single small band of Israelites out of Goshen, one hundred and fifty men. The Egyptians did not trust the few from Goshen. Fearing they might turn in battle and join the sons of Esau and Ishmael, they struck a bargain. The Israelites were to hold back and lift no sword until it was certain the enemy had the upper hand.

The first clashes went against the Egyptians, and they broke. Only then did the small band move. The Israelites cried out to God and threw themselves into the rout, and the host that Zepho had built buckled under one hundred and fifty men. His army scattered. The Egyptians, instead of holding the ground their allies had won, fled across the valley, and in the smoke the Israelites turned on some two hundred of them and cut them down, sure they were the enemy.

The grandson of Esau lived on in Kittim, a king the God of his fathers had saved twice over, and worshipped wood and stone to the end.


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From the tradition

Sources

5 sources

The texts this telling draws on, in full. Open a card to read inline, or expand it for a wider, quieter read.

Legends of the Jews, I. Joseph, Zepho King Of KittimLegends of the Jews

Legends of the Jews (Ginzberg) turns to Zepho King Of Kittim.

The story of one such figure: Zepho, King of Kittim.

His tale, as pieced together in Ginzberg's Legends of the Jews, is a wild ride involving political intrigue, monster slaying, and epic battles. It all starts with Zepho's relentless urging of King Agnias to invade Egypt, fueled by a deep-seated animosity toward Jacob's descendants. Agnias eventually relents, and a massive army is assembled.

Enter Balaam (yes, that Balaam), a mere fifteen-year-old at this point, but already renowned for his wisdom and magical prowess. Agnias asks him to foresee the outcome of the war, and Balaam, using wax figures and "magic water," predicts an Egyptian victory. Agnias, swayed by the divination, calls off the campaign.

Frustrated, Zepho flees to Kittim – a biblical designation often associated with Cyprus, or more broadly, the Mediterranean islands and coastal regions (Genesis 10:4). The people of Kittim welcome him with open arms, showering him with riches and offering him a prominent role in their military affairs.

Now, here’s where things get interesting. One day, while searching for a lost ox in the mountains, Zepho discovers a cave blocked by a massive stone. He smashes the stone and inside finds… well, a monster. Ginzberg describes it as "an animal formed like a man above and a he-goat below." Zepho, ever the hero, slays the beast, which had been terrorizing the local cattle. The grateful people of Kittim then institute a yearly festival in Zepho's honor, showering him with gifts and sacrifices.

But the story doesn't end there. Yaniah, the wife of King Agnias, falls ill, and her physicians attribute her sickness to the African climate. She longs for the water of the river Forma in her native Kittim. Agnias, desperate to cure his queen, goes to extraordinary lengths. He has the water shipped to Africa, and finding it superior to the local water, he builds a massive canal from Kittim to Africa, just to supply his wife with her preferred water source! He even imports earth and stone from Kittim to construct a palace for her. Talk about dedication!

Meanwhile, Zepho leads the Kittimites to victory against an African incursion. The people, impressed by his leadership, choose him as their king. His reign is marked by further military successes, including a campaign against the sons of Tubal and the "Islands of the Sea." He becomes a powerful ruler, and the people build him a grand palace.

But war is never far away. After a period of peace, the Africans invade Kittim, only to be soundly defeated by Zepho. Agnias, in desperation, assembles a massive army, joined by his brother Lucus. Zepho, facing overwhelming odds, appeals to his brethren in Seir for aid, but they refuse, having allied themselves with Agnias.

Outnumbered and facing annihilation, Zepho turns to the God of his ancestors. He prays for deliverance, invoking the covenant with Abraham and Isaac. God answers his prayer, and in a series of battles, Zepho decimates the African army.

Despite this divine intervention, Zepho, sadly, doesn't become a paragon of virtue. As the proverb says, "Out of the wicked cometh forth wickedness," and Zepho continues to follow the idolatrous ways of his adopted people.

The defeated Balaam flees to Kittim and is welcomed by Zepho. Emboldened by his success and fueled by his continued hatred of Jacob's descendants – especially now that Joseph and his generation had passed – Zepho plots revenge. He allies himself with Hadad, the king of Edom, and other nations, forming a massive army.

They clash with the Egyptians and a small contingent of Israelites in the Valley of Pathros. The Egyptians, distrustful of the Israelites, make a pact that backfires horribly. In the initial battles, the Egyptians are routed, but when the Israelites finally join the fray, they unleash a devastating counterattack, sending Zepho's forces into disarray. The Egyptians, instead of helping, flee and even attack their Israelite allies.

So, what do we make of Zepho, King of Kittim? He's a complex figure – a warrior, a leader, a monster slayer, but also a man driven by vengeance and ultimately, a failure to embrace the God who saved him. He reminds us that even those who experience divine intervention can still stray from the path of righteousness. And perhaps, that the stories we choose to tell, and the figures we elevate, reflect not just history, but our own values and aspirations.

Full source
Legends of the Jews 1:443Legends of the Jews

Legends of the Jews turns to Zepho Rose to Power as King of Kittim.

Zepho, having already proven his mettle, achieves a resounding victory against African forces encroaching upon the land of Kittim, a name often associated with Cyprus and other Mediterranean regions. So impressed are the people that they choose him as their king. His reign begins not with quiet contemplation, but with further military campaigns. He sets his sights on the sons of Tubal (often associated with regions in modern-day Turkey or Italy) and the Islands of the Sea, subduing them completely. His success is met with grand celebration. The people, eager to honor their victorious leader, construct a magnificent palace for Zepho, reaffirming his kingship. He rules over Kittim and Italy until his death.

For thirteen years, an uneasy peace settles upon Kittim. But the threat from Africa remains. The Africans, perhaps envious of Zepho's success or driven by territorial desires, attempt another incursion. Zepho, ever the capable warrior, decisively repulses them, pursuing them all the way back to the borders of Africa. Agnias, the African king, is so shaken by the defeat that he refrains from retaliation for a considerable time.

The respite is temporary. Agnias, fueled by a desire for revenge and perhaps a need to restore his own reputation, launches a second attack. This time, however, Zepho utterly annihilates his troops, leaving no man standing.

Can you imagine the desperation Agnias must have felt?

Driven to the brink, Agnias makes a momentous decision. He gathers all the inhabitants of Africa, a vast multitude described as being "as numerous as the sand on the sea-shore." He unites this immense host with the army of his brother, Lucus, and together, they prepare for a third, massive assault upon Zepho and the people of Kittim.

What happens next? How can Zepho possibly stand against such a overwhelming force? The story leaves us hanging, poised on the edge of a titanic clash, reminding us that even the most celebrated victories can be followed by even greater challenges. It's a reminder that legends, like life, are filled with uncertainty and the constant struggle between opposing forces. We're left to ponder the resilience of the human spirit and the enduring power of stories to capture our imaginations.

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Legends of the Jews 1:434Legends of the Jews

Legends of the Jews turns to Zepho Was Chained and Imprisoned After Losing to Joseph.

After a fierce battle, Joseph, yes, that Joseph, of the coat of many colors, returned triumphant. But instead of celebrating, he ordered Zepho and his followers to be shackled, imprisoned, their lives made even harsher than before. Can you feel the despair? The crushing weight of those chains?

What led to this? Well, the sons of Esau, reeling from the loss of their king Bela, appointed Jobab of Bozrah to take his place. According to the biblical account in (Genesis 36:33), Jobab was indeed the successor to Bela. Jobab reigned for ten years. But what did his reign mean in the larger story?

They abandoned any further attempts to wage war against the sons of Jacob. Their previous encounter had been too… bruising. But don’t mistake that for peace! Oh no. Their hatred simmered, their enmity burned even fiercer. This wasn’t a truce; it was a cold, simmering resentment.

As Legends of the Jews by Louis Ginzberg vividly retells, this animosity never waned. It just festered, waiting for its chance to erupt again. This is a key idea in Legends of the Jews: the continuation of conflict, even when overt battles cease. So, while the immediate threat subsided, the seeds of future conflict were sown, nurtured by bitter memories and an unyielding thirst for revenge.: sometimes the absence of war isn't the same as peace. Sometimes, it's just the quiet before the storm.

Full source
Legends of the Jews 1:449Legends of the Jews

It’s a story filled with surprising alliances, desperate prayers, and… well, a healthy dose of mistaken identity.

Zepho, a king with a problem. He’s about to go to war, and he wants to know how it's going to turn out. Naturally, he turns to the best (or perhaps the most notorious) diviner of the time: Balaam. Yes, that Balaam – the one famous for his talking donkey! But even Balaam's magic apparently had its limits. He couldn't give Zepho the answers he craved.

The war begins, and initially, things go south for Zepho and his allies, the Egyptians. But then, a twist! They call upon the Israelites for help.

It first appears the Israelites would be all, "Nah, we're good," but they find themselves in this precarious position. So what do they do? They pray. They pour out their hearts to God, begging for assistance. And, as the story goes, the Lord heard their prayer.

Emboldened, the Israelites charged into battle against Zepho's forces. They fought with a ferocity that sent the enemy reeling. Thousands fell, and panic seized the opposing army, as Ginzberg recounts in Legends of the Jews. The enemy fled, and the Israelites pursued them right to the very edge of the country.

But here’s where things get really interesting – and a little messy. The Egyptians, instead of backing up their Israelite allies, hightailed it out of there! Can you imagine? They left this small band of Israelites to face the brunt of the attack.

Understandably, the Israelites were… annoyed. Furious, even. They turned on some two hundred Egyptians, slaughtering them under the pretense that they thought they were part of the enemy. A brutal case of mistaken identity, fueled by betrayal and the chaos of war.

It's a harsh reminder of how quickly alliances can crumble and how easily lines can become blurred in times of conflict. And it leaves you wondering: what price do you pay when you get caught in the middle?

Full source
Legends of the Jews 1:448Legends of the Jews

Our tale begins after the passing of Joseph, a figure of immense importance in the Jewish narrative. With Joseph gone, along with his brothers and even Pharaoh's mighty men, a new generation rises. Among them is Zepho, a descendant of Esau, and he believes the time for retribution is at hand. He's been waiting for this moment, harboring a deep-seated desire for vengeance against the children of Jacob – the Israelites.

He's not alone in this quest. He aligns himself with Hadad, the king of Edom – another nation with a history of conflict with the Israelites – and rallies the nations of the East and the Ishmaelites to his cause. Imagine the sheer scale of this alliance! Ginzberg, in his monumental work Legends of the Jews, describes the allied army as so enormous that it stretched across a distance equal to a three-day journey when lined up for battle. That's a force to be reckoned with.

This colossal army gathers in the Valley of Pathros – likely located in Upper Egypt. Facing them are three hundred thousand Egyptians and a relatively small contingent of one hundred and fifty Israelites from Goshen, the region where they resided.

Here's where things get complicated. The Egyptians, they're wary. They don't fully trust the Israelites. They fear that in the heat of battle, the Israelites might switch sides, joining forces with the descendants of Esau and Ishmael. A valid concern, considering the complex relationships and ancient rivalries at play.

So, they strike a deal. A precarious agreement is made: the Israelites are to hold back. They are not to come to the aid of the Egyptians until it becomes absolutely clear that the enemy is gaining the upper hand. Can you imagine the tension? The distrust hanging in the air? It sets the stage for a battle fraught with uncertainty, where alliances are fragile and the fate of nations hangs in the balance.

What does this say about trust, and the long shadow of history? How do past grievances shape the present, and can they ever truly be overcome? Food for thought, as we continue this journey into the legends of our ancestors.

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