Parshat Beshalach5 min read

Amalek Strikes Where Israel's Hands Go Slack

Scrolls lay closed in the tents at Rephidim. Then Amalek came in from the rear, and Moses had to have his arms held up until sundown.

Curated by Arthur · Told by Maggid ·
Table of Contents
  1. Amalek Hit the Rear
  2. The Hands Had Already Dropped
  3. Aaron and Hur Held the Hill
  4. Moses Sent Messengers First

Amalek came in at the rear, where the slow walkers were, and the camp at Rephidim was not ready. The tired, the stragglers, the ones whose hands had already dropped whatever they had been holding. He did not meet the front of the column. He ate the edge.

Amalek Strikes Where Israel's Hands Go Slack Click for full size

Inside the tents, scrolls lay closed. People had been too worn to open them. The grip that should have been on Torah had gone soft, and the scavenger at the edge of a tired camp does not need a better reason than that.

Amalek Hit the Rear

Dust. Shouting. A woman pulled a child under a wagon. Men grabbed what weapons they had and ran the wrong way first, toward the noise instead of into a line. Moses heard it from the front and turned. Joshua was already drawing a sword.

Enemies do not always strike at random. They press the seam where the grip has already loosened. Rephidim was a place on the map. It was also a diagnosis the camp would have to live with after the blood dried. Hands that had left the words were the hands that could not hold a perimeter.

Amalek is not a rival god. No host in the skies can array battle against the Lord. Amalek is a scavenger. When Israel's hands hold Torah, he finds less meat. When the hands hang, he does not need to win an argument. He only needs a soft rear.

The Hands Had Already Dropped

Someone in a tent tried to open a scroll after the first scream and found his fingers would not close. Days of walking had done part of it. Neglect had done the rest. Study had felt like a luxury on a dry plain. Amalek treated that luxury as a hole in the wall.

Joshua fought below in ordinary blood. The camp learned in an hour what slack costs. A closed book is not a private failure when a wolf is counting the tents.

Moses did not stay in the noise. He climbed.

Aaron and Hur Held the Hill

On the hill above the battle, Moses raised his hands, and Israel below held. His arms grew heavy. The hands began to drop. When they fell, Israel fell with them.

Aaron took one arm. Hur took the other. They held him that way until the sun went down, three men making one pole on a hill, because the camp's own grip had already failed and the leader's body had to become the flag the people had dropped.

Below, Joshua's sword did bloody work. Above, the sight line back to heaven had to be propped open by friends. Moses' arms trembled. Aaron's shoulder locked. Hur shifted his feet in the gravel and did not let go.

At sundown the scavenger was pushed back. The diagnosis of Rephidim remained. Hands that have gone slack must be taught to close. The battle's end did not automatically restore study.

Moses Sent Messengers First

Years later, on another border, God told Moses to fight Sihon, to block his water, to take the field without a speech. Moses sent messengers instead (Deuteronomy 2:26). Terms of peace, before the sword. God said he had done fittingly.

Moses had done two other things heaven later signed. He refused to let children die for fathers' sins. He broke the tablets rather than carry a whole law down to a camp already dancing around gold. The third was this opening. When you approach a town to attack it, you shall offer terms of peace (Deuteronomy 20:10). Not a false calm that never returns. An opening a city can walk through.

Rephidim sat earlier on the road. There the issue was not how to open a siege. It was how a free people loses its edge. Amalek does not wait for terms. He waits for slack. Moses' later insistence on peace first is the long repair of a nation that must fight without becoming a scavenger itself.

In the camp that night after Rephidim, someone opened a scroll again with fingers that still shook. Mothers counted children. Joshua cleaned a blade. Moses sat with arms that remembered the weight of being held up. Amalek had been pushed back. The closed books of the afternoon remained an open fact.


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The texts behind this telling. Some cards carry a translation of the source; others are our own retelling of it, and each card says which. Every card links out to the original.

Yalkut Shimoni on Torah 263:1Yalkut Shimoni on Torah

Translation of the source text.Torat Emet (Yalkut Shimoni) · CC-BY-NC

"And he fought with Israel at Rephidim" (Exodus 17:8). Rabbi Hanina said: This matter I asked of Rabbi Eliezer, who sat in the great academy: What is Rephidim? He said to him: It is to be understood according to its plain meaning. And further Rabbi Hanina said: I asked Rabbi Eliezer, What did Israel see fit to redeem the firstborn of donkeys, and not to redeem the firstborn of horses, nor the firstborn of camels? He said to him: It is the decree of the King; and further, because Israel had in their possession at that hour none but donkeys, since there was not a single Israelite who did not come away with ninety donkeys laden with silver and gold.

Others say: Rephidim means nothing other than "slackness of hands" [rifyon yadayim], because they let their hands grow slack from the words of the Torah; therefore the enemy came upon them, for the enemy comes only upon slackness of hands in Torah, as it is said, "And it came to pass, when the kingdom of Rehoboam was established and he was strong, that he forsook the Torah of the LORD, and all Israel with him" (2 Chronicles 12:1). And what is the punishment of this matter? "And it came to pass in the fifth year of King Rehoboam, that Shishak king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem," and so on, "and he took away the treasures of the house of the LORD" (2 Chronicles 12:2, 9).

This is one of three things that returned to their place. The exile of Judah returned to its place, as it is said, "Your fathers dwelt beyond the River" (Joshua 24:2), and it is written, "and he destroyed this house and carried the people away captive to Babylon" (Ezra 5:12). The writing of heaven returned to its place, as it is said, "Will you set your eyes upon it? It is gone" (Proverbs 23:5). The silver of Egypt returned to its place.

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Midrash Tanchuma Buber, Bechukotai 6:3Midrash Tanchuma Buber, Bechukotai

Translation of the source text.Midrash Tanchuma (Buber), Public Domain, on Sefaria · CC-BY-SA

Another interpretation: "For who in the skies can be compared (ya'arokh) to the LORD" (Psalms 89:7). Rabbi Abbin said: Who is like You, the One who arranges battles? And "compared" (ya'arokh) means nothing other than warfare, as it is said, "and they arranged battle against them" (Genesis 14:8). Thus: "For who in the skies can be compared to the LORD."

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Midrash Tanchuma, Shoftim 19Midrash Tanchuma

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.Townsend 1989 translation of Midrash Tanhuma, S. Buber Recension · CC-BY

You shall offer it terms of peace (Deuteronomy 20:10): Rabbi Levi said, "Moshe did three things and the Holy One, blessed be He, agreed with him. And these are them: It is written (Exodus 34:7), 'visits the iniquity of the fathers upon children.' But Moshe said (Deuteronomy 24:10), 'Fathers will not be put to death for children [and children will not be put to death for fathers].' And from where [do we know] that the Holy One, blessed be He, agreed with him? As it is stated (II Kings 14:6), 'But he did not put to death the children of the assassins, in accordance with what is written in the Book of the Torah of Moshe, [...] "Parents shall not be put to death for children, etc."' And the second was when he broke the tablets. And [the third] was in the days of Sichon and Og. The Holy One, blessed be He, said, 'Go and fight with him, block his acqueduct.' But Moshe did not do so, as it is stated (Deuteronomy 2:26), 'And I sent messengers.' The Holy One, blessed be He, said, 'By your life, you have done as is fitting, as I agree with you.'" Therefore Moshe warns Israel and says to them (Deuteronomy 20:10), "When you approach a town to attack it, you shall offer it terms of peace." "You shall offer it terms of (for) peace (leshalom)." In peace (beshalom) is not written here, so that they would go forth with peace and return in peace. As Avner and Avshalom about whom it is written, "in peace," did not return. But Moshe to whom Yitro said, "for peace," went and returned. Another interpretation [of] "You shall offer it terms of peace": It is speaking about the days of the king messiah, who opens to them with peace, as it is stated (Zechariah 9:10), "He shall speak peace to the nations, and his rule shall extend from sea to sea." "If it responds peaceably" (Deuteronomy 20:11); if they bind themselves, as it is stated (Isaiah 2:4), "And they shall beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks; nation shall not take up sword against nation; they shall never again learn war." "All the people present there shall be as tribute and serve you"(Deuteronomy 20:11); that they should bring you tribute. As it is stated (Psalms 68:32), "Tribute-bearers (chasmanim) shall come from Egypt," as they shall hurry (chasim) and bring their gifts; "Cush shall hasten (tarits) its gifts to God," as they shall run (ratsim) and bring their gifts. "But if it shall not make peace with you" (Deuteronomy 20:12). [If] a strange spirit enters into them and they rebel against the king messiah, he kills them immediately; as it is stated (Isaiah 11:4), "he shall strike down a land with the rod of his mouth, and slay the wicked with the breath of his lips." And he shall only leave Israel, as it is stated (Deuteronomy 32:12), "The Lord guided him alone, and there is no alien god with him."

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