Parshat Toldot5 min read

Isaacs Blind Eyes Cleared When Levi and Judah Arrived

Isaac had been blind for decades when Levi and Judah walked toward him. The darkness over his eyes lifted, and what he saw made him prophesy over them both.

Curated by Arthur · Told by Maggid ·
Table of Contents
  1. The Vow Left Too Long Unfulfilled
  2. The Road to Hebron and What Waited There
  3. What Isaac Saw in Levi
  4. What Isaac Saw in Judah
  5. The Blindness That Came and Went

The Vow Left Too Long Unfulfilled

Jacob had made a vow at Beth-el, the house of God, when he was fleeing Esau with nothing. If God would protect him on the road, if God would bring him home in peace, then this place would be God's house and Jacob would give back a tenth of everything he received. He had made the vow and then let it sit for years, the way a man will sometimes let the most important thing wait precisely because it is the most important thing.

The delay cost him. When he finally prepared to return to Beth-el and fulfill the vow, he gathered his household and commanded them to put away the foreign gods that had accumulated among them, the teraphim, the small idols his sons had taken as spoils from Shechem. Jacob broke them. He buried the foreign silver and the earrings under the great tree near Shechem, and he led his family south toward the place where God had spoken to him in the dream.

The Road to Hebron and What Waited There

At Hebron, two of his grandsons were waiting. Levi and Judah, sons of Simeon, had come ahead to meet Jacob on the road. They were young men still, but something in the way they walked, something in their bearing, carried the unmistakable weight of the tribe that would one day produce the priesthood and the kingship of Israel.

Isaac was in his tent. He was very old now, and had been blind for years, the same blindness that had made him vulnerable to deception decades before when Jacob had stood in Esau's clothing and received a blessing by fraud. The darkness over Isaac's eyes had been continuous since then, a permanent condition.

When Levi and Judah walked toward him, the darkness lifted.

Not gradually. Suddenly. Isaac saw the two boys clearly, saw something in them that opened his prophetic voice, and he embraced them and kissed them and began to speak.

What Isaac Saw in Levi

Over Levi he spoke first. He told the boy that his descendants would serve God and administer the sanctuary. That Levi's sons would be separated from Jacob's other children, set apart for divine service, closer to the altar than any other tribe. That the priesthood would flow through his line.

Isaac told Levi what that would cost. The priests would eat the bread of the sanctuary and not work the fields. They would depend on their brothers for sustenance. They would have no tribal portion of land in the inheritance of Israel because their portion was the altar itself. This was not a punishment. It was a consecration. But it meant that Levi and his descendants would always stand slightly outside the ordinary life of the nation they served.

What Isaac Saw in Judah

Over Judah he spoke differently. This was the line of kings. Power would flow through Judah the way holiness flowed through Levi. Not the power of the sanctuary, but the power of governance, of war, of the scepter that would pass from generation to generation until the one from Judah came whose dominion would have no end.

Isaac told Judah that his brothers would praise him and his enemies would bow before him. That the lion's cubs, the fiercest of Jacob's children, would come from this tribe. That when the nations gathered against Israel, it would be Judah's sons who stood at the front, carrying the standard that would not fall.

He blessed both of them, the priest and the king, the two pillars on which the future of Israel would stand. Then the darkness came back over his eyes.

The Blindness That Came and Went

He did not speak again that day about what he had seen. His grandsons sat with him in the evening while Jacob's camp settled around Hebron, and Isaac asked questions about the road, about the weather, about small things. The prophetic voice had given way again to the ordinary old man in the tent.

But Jacob heard what Isaac had said to his grandsons, and he held it. Levi would stand at the altar. Judah would carry the scepter. And somewhere between those two poles, the long covenant that had been given to Abraham and passed to Isaac and then to Jacob would find its next shape, the shape of a people with priests and kings, with a sanctuary and a throne, with the capacity both to serve God and to govern themselves.


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From the tradition

Sources

3 sources

The texts this telling draws on, in full. Open a card to read inline, or expand it for a wider, quieter read.

Jasher 34Book of Jasher

The familiar story is this: from Genesis 34 – how Shechem, son of Hamor, defiled Jacob's daughter, Dinah, and how Jacob's sons, particularly Simeon and Levi, exacted a brutal revenge. But what happened after that? Did the dust simply settle? Did Jacob and his family just move on?

Well, the Book of Jasher, a non-canonical Jewish text referenced in the Bible itself (Joshua 10:13 and (2 Samuel 1:1)8), gives us a much more detailed and, frankly, harrowing account. Following the circumcision of the men of Shechem – a condition set by Jacob's sons for allowing Shechem to marry Dinah, a condition used as a ruse for revenge, a group of brothers, led by Chiddekem, object. They see the whole idea as repulsive. They question why Shechem and Hamor would even want to marry Hebrew women, especially when there are plenty of Canaanite women available. "What is this thing that you have done?" they ask, according to Jasher. "Are there no women amongst the daughters of your brethren the Canaanites?"

More than just objecting to the intermarriage, they're worried about the repercussions. What will the other Canaanites think? Will they see this act as just and good? And if not, what will happen to Shechem and his people? They fear that the Canaanites will unite against them, saying, "On account of a Hebrew woman did Shechem and Hamor his father, and all the inhabitants of their city, do that with which they had been unacquainted and which their ancestors never commanded them."

Shechem and Hamor, now circumcised and weakened, try to appease Chiddekem and his brothers. They claim they only agreed to the circumcision to get what they wanted – Dinah. Once they have her, they promise to join Chiddekem and his brothers in dealing with the Hebrews. A delay tactic, if ever there was one!

Of course, Dinah overhears all this scheming and sends word to her father, Jacob, and her brothers. Unsurprisingly, Jacob is furious. Simeon and Levi, already seething, swear vengeance. As the text says, "Simeon and Levi swore and said, As the Lord liveth, the God of the whole earth, by this time tomorrow, there shall not be a remnant left in the whole city."

What follows is a brutal massacre. Simeon and Levi, along with other young men, slaughter the men of Shechem, sparing no one. They kill Hamor and Shechem. They rescue Dinah. They plunder the city, taking livestock, possessions, and women and children as captives.

But it doesn't end there. As they’re leaving, a group of three hundred men attack them, throwing dust and stones. Simeon, in a rage, slaughters them all. They return to Jacob with their spoils and captives.

Jacob is, understandably, appalled. "What is this that you have done to me?" he cries. He's worried about the repercussions. He's a small, vulnerable group living among powerful Canaanite tribes. This act of violence, he fears, will make them a target. He laments, "Now you have done to make me obnoxious to the inhabitants of the land, amongst the Canaanites and the Perizzites, and I am but of a small number, and they will all assemble against me and slay me when they hear of your work with their brethren, and I and my household will be destroyed."

Simeon and Levi, however, are unrepentant. They retort, "Behold we live in the land, and shall Shechem do this to our sister? why art thou silent at all that Shechem has done? and shall he deal with our sister as with a harlot in the streets?"

Among the captives is a beautiful young woman named Bunah, who Simeon takes as his wife. The captives become servants to Jacob’s sons and their descendants, remaining so until the Exodus from Egypt, according to the Book of Jasher.

Two young men who had hidden during the massacre escape and spread the word to the surrounding kingdoms. Jashub, king of Tapnach, investigates and discovers the devastation. He's astonished that two men could wreak such havoc. Jashub then rallies the other Amorite kings to join him in attacking Jacob and his sons, leading to a gathering of about ten thousand men.

Hearing of the approaching Amorite army, Jacob is terrified. He again rebukes Simeon and Levi. But Judah steps forward, defending his brothers' actions. He argues that Shechem had violated God's command by defiling Dinah and that the inhabitants of Shechem did nothing to stop him. Judah confidently proclaims that God, who delivered Shechem into their hands, will also deliver the Amorite kings.

Judah rallies his brothers and their servants, a force of one hundred and twelve men, and they prepare for battle. Jacob sends word to his father, Isaac, requesting his prayers. Isaac prays to God to protect his descendants, reminding God of his promises to multiply their seed. Isaac asks God to instill terror in the hearts of the Amorite kings and to deliver his children.

While the text doesn't detail the ensuing battle, it sets the stage for a divine intervention, mirroring the plea made by Isaac.

So, what do we take away from this expanded narrative? The Book of Jasher offers a darker, more complex perspective on the events surrounding Dinah's defilement and the subsequent revenge. It highlights the potential consequences of violence, the complexities of intertribal relations, and the challenges of maintaining faith and security in a hostile world. It's a reminder that even in stories we think we know well, there are always deeper layers to explore. And it begs the question: at what point does righteous anger turn into something far more destructive?

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Legends of the Jews, VI. Jacob, Isaac Blesses Levi And JudahLegends of the Jews

The weight of a vow to the Almighty, left unfulfilled. According to Legends of the Jews, as retold by Ginzberg, Jacob found himself in just such a predicament. He'd made a vow at Beth-el (the House of God), and his delay in fulfilling it led to a series of unfortunate events: the dishonoring of his daughter Dinah and the violent acts of his sons at Shechem.

This delay, it's said, was no small thing. It carried the weight of three grave sins: idolatry, unchastity, and bloodshed. As we find in Legends of the Jews, when Jacob finally prostrated himself before God, he was instructed to go to Beth-el and make good on his vow.

First, a cleansing. Jacob gathered the idols his sons had taken as spoils, including the teraphim (household idols) Rachel had taken from her father. He smashed them and buried them under an oak on Mount Gerizim, replanting the tree with his own hands to conceal the remnants. The story goes that one of these idols was in the form of a dove, which the Samaritans later unearthed and worshipped.

Arriving at Beth-el, Jacob erected an altar and set up the stone he had used as a pillow on his journey to Haran. He then invited his parents, Isaac and Rebekah, to join him for the sacrifice. Isaac, however, requested that Jacob visit him before he died. So Jacob, taking Levi and Judah with him, hastened to his father's side.

And here's where the story takes a truly remarkable turn.

As his grandsons approached, the darkness that had clouded Isaac's eyes lifted. "My son," he exclaimed, "are these thy children, for they resemble thee?" Then, the spirit of prophecy entered him.

He grasped Levi with his right hand and Judah with his left, and bestowed upon them a blessing that would shape the future of their descendants. To Levi he said, "May the Lord bring thee and thy seed nigh unto Him before all flesh, that ye serve in His sanctuary like the Angel of the Face and the Holy Angels." He foretold that Levi's descendants would be princes, judges, and rulers, proclaiming God's word and executing His judgments.

And to Judah, Isaac declared, "Be ye princes, thou and one of thy sons, over the sons of Jacob. In thee shall be the help of Jacob, and the salvation of Israel shall be found in thee." He prophesied that Judah's descendants would sit upon the throne of glory, bringing peace to the children of Abraham.

The next day, Isaac, citing his advanced age, declined to accompany Jacob to Beth-el. He urged his son not to delay fulfilling his vow and gave him permission to take Rebekah with him to the holy place. And so, Rebekah and her nurse Deborah journeyed with Jacob to Beth-el.

What does this story tell us? It's more than just a tale of fulfilling vows and smashing idols. It's a story about legacy, about seeing the future in the faces of our children. It's about the power of blessing, and the enduring impact our words can have on generations to come. It makes you wonder, doesn't it? What blessings are we bestowing upon the next generation, and what kind of future are we helping to shape?

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Legends of the Jews, VI. Jacob, The War With The AmoritesLegends of the Jews

The familiar telling remembers the immediate aftermath – the vengeance of Simeon and Levi. But what about Jacob and his family? Did they just pack up and leave? Well, according to the Legends of the Jews, as retold by Rabbi Louis Ginzberg, there’s a whole chapter of conflict and conquest that often goes unmentioned.

At first, things were relatively peaceful. Jacob and his household returned to Shechem, settling in and establishing themselves. But this peace didn't last. After seven years, the surrounding Amorite tribes began to feel threatened. "Is it not enough that they have slain all the men of Shechem?" they asked, according to Ginzberg. "Should they be permitted now to take possession of their land, too?" And so, they gathered their forces to make war on the sons of Jacob.

Enter Judah. He becomes the hero of our story, leaping into the fray against the allied kings. The first adversary? Jashub, the king of Tappuah, a warrior seemingly clad in iron and brass from head to toe. Ginzberg paints a vivid picture of Jashub, mounted on his horse, casting spears with deadly accuracy, a formidable foe.

Judah is undeterred. He picks up a stone – a massive one, weighing sixty sela'im (a unit of weight) – and hurls it at Jashub, who was, and this detail is wonderfully specific, one hundred and seventy-seven ells and one-third of an ell away! The stone strikes Jashub's shield, unhorsing him. A fierce duel ensues, shields shatter, and in a moment of quick thinking, Judah wrests Jashub’s own shield from him and uses Jashub’s own sword to cut off his feet, then his head.

The battle doesn't end there, of course. Nine of Jashub's followers appear, ready to avenge their king. Judah, resourceful as ever, uses another well-aimed stone to disable the first attacker, grabs his shield, and defends himself against the remaining eight. It's a whirlwind of action!

Then, help arrives. Levi joins the fight, killing Elon, the king of Gaash, with an arrow. Judah dispatches the remaining eight. Even Jacob himself gets involved, slaying Zerori, the king of Shiloh! The Amorites, faced with this onslaught, lose their nerve and flee. The sons of Jacob pursue, each slaying a thousand men, according to Ginzberg’s retelling.

The story doesn't stop at Shechem. The sons of Jacob push onward to Hazor, where they face an even more severe encounter. Jacob himself takes down Pirathon, the king of Hazor, as well as Pasusi, Laban (king of Aram, no less!), and Shebir. Judah is, again, the first to scale the walls of Hazor, taking on four warriors at once before his brother Naphtali can even offer assistance. Together, Judah and Naphtali stand on the wall, dealing death to the enemy.

The other sons of Jacob follow, and they utterly destroy the Amorite host. They conquer Hazor, killing everyone and taking all the spoils. The next day, they move on to Sartan, and another bloody battle ensues. Sartan is a heavily fortified city, but the sons of Jacob are relentless. Judah, again leading the charge, scales the walls, followed by Gad, Simeon, Levi, Reuben, Dan, Naphtali, and Issachar. They capture the city.

According to Legends of the Jews, the sons of Jacob subdue five more cities in just five days: Tappuah, Arbel, Shiloh, Mahanaim, and Gaash. Finally, on the sixth day, the Amorites, utterly defeated, come to Jacob and his sons unarmed, begging for peace.

And here’s where things take an unexpected turn. The sons of Jacob agree to peace. The Amorites cede Timna and the land of Harariah to them. They also return all the stolen cattle and spoil, with a bonus of two head for every one they took. Jacob and his sons return to their respective areas, and the Amorites, finally, leave them in peace.

What are we to make of this? It's a far cry from the peaceful shepherd image we sometimes have of Jacob and his sons. This is a story of conquest, of military prowess, and of a people establishing their territory by force. It's a reminder that the stories of the Torah, and the legends that surround them, are complex and many-sided. They offer us glimpses into a world far removed from our own, a world of tribal conflict, of fierce warriors, and of a people struggling to find their place in a land that was not always welcoming. And, perhaps, it makes us consider the price of peace, and the lengths to which people will go to secure it.

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