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Israel Attacked Aaron With Words About His Son's Wife

Aaron covered the Ark with his own hands before every march. Then Israel stopped the registration to ask, out loud, who his son had married.

Curated by Arthur · Told by Maggid ·
Table of Contents
  1. The Mouth That Was Not Allowed to Hurry
  2. Then They Asked Who His Son Had Married
  3. Aaron Said Nothing
  4. God Wrote the Lineage Himself
  5. Aaron and Moses, in That Order

Every time the camp moved, Aaron went in first and covered the holy things with his own hands.

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The Ark first. Then the table, then the lampstand, then the golden altar, then the altar of burnt offering, in that exact order, because that was the order they had gone in when the Tabernacle was first raised, and everything came down along the line it had gone up.

He and his sons did the covering, and only then were the sons of Kehat allowed in to lift. Those men carried what they were not permitted to look at. A Kohathite who put a hand on an uncovered vessel died where he stood, so Aaron's hands were the thing between those porters and their own deaths, at every departure, for forty years.

The Mouth That Was Not Allowed to Hurry

The other half of the work was his mouth.

He lifted his hands over the whole people and blessed them, and that blessing came with rules running down to the smallest movement. Standing, never seated. Hands raised, the way he had raised them the first time he came down from the altar. In the holy tongue and no other language. Inside the sanctuary, with the Name itself, the one nobody says anywhere else.

Face to face. Not to the back of a head, not over a shoulder. The way one man speaks to another man.

And there was one more instruction folded into the spelling of a single word. Say to them: amor, written long, carrying a letter it does not need. Do not bless them like a man carrying out an order he wants finished. Do not rush it. Bless them with the whole intention of the heart, so that it settles on them completely.

That was the command given to the man Israel was about to go after.

Then They Asked Who His Son Had Married

The tribes had encamped by their banners, and the order came to register them.

Aaron went out to establish the lineage of Israel, family by family, name by name, and somewhere in the middle of the counting a man in the crowd found the soft place.

"You are establishing our lineage?"

Others picked it up. Before you write down our fathers, go and write down your own. Elazar your son, whose daughter did he take for a wife? The daughter of Putiel, is it not?

Everyone standing there knew the name. Putiel meant Jethro the Midianite, who had served idols for years before he ever heard of the God of Israel. So the priest taking down their pedigrees had a grandson with an idolater's blood on his mother's side, and now it had been said out loud, in the open, in front of the queue, while Aaron stood there holding the register.

Aaron Said Nothing

He had done this before. On the day the Tabernacle was consecrated he watched fire come out and take Nadav and Avihu in front of the entire camp, and he did not say one word then either.

He said nothing now. The counting went on. The banners stayed where they were. They had attacked him with words, and the commandment they broke doing it is not filed with the laws about hands and weapons. It sits among the rules for buying and selling, and it governs the mouth: no man shall wrong his fellow. A bruise closes over. Words about a man's blood do not.

God Wrote the Lineage Himself

The answer took forty years and arrived in writing.

Out at Shittim, with Israel going after the women of Moab and a plague running through the camp and the leadership standing in the doorway of the Tent weeping and doing nothing, one man got up and took a spear. Phinehas, son of Elazar, son of Aaron. He walked into the tent after the couple, ran the spear through both of them, and the dying stopped at twenty-four thousand.

When the covenant of priesthood was handed to him for it, the record does not call him the son of a Midianite's daughter. It gives him three names in a row: Phinehas son of Elazar son of Aaron the priest. Priest son of a priest. Zealot son of a zealot. The one who turned back wrath, son of the one who turned back wrath, because his grandfather had once run out into a plague with a fire pan in his hands and stood between the dead and the living until it stopped.

Aaron and Moses, in That Order

There is one more line, easy to walk past. When the family is set down in the Torah, it reads: these are the generations of Aaron and Moses.

Not Moses and Aaron. Everywhere else in the wilderness it is the younger brother first, Moses and Aaron, the prophet and then the priest. Here the order turns over, and it turns over at exactly the place where the camp had gone at the older brother's household in public.

Aaron went on blessing them regardless. Standing, hands up, face to face, in the holy tongue, and never once like a man in a hurry to be done.


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The texts behind this telling. Some cards carry a translation of the source; others are our own retelling of it, and each card says which. Every card links out to the original.

Bamidbar Rabbah 4:18Bamidbar Rabbah

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022 · CC-BY

It wasn't just a matter of tossing everything into a wagon. There was a precise order, a sacred choreography, and it all begs the question: Why this order?

Bamidbar Rabbah, specifically Bamidbar Rabbah 4, explores this very question. It asks, "What did the Omnipresent see to command them so, the Ark first, then the table, after it the candelabrum, after it the golden altar, and after it the altar of the burnt offering?"

Why this particular sequence when dismantling and transporting the holiest objects?

The Rabbis offer a beautiful explanation: "Their dismantling at the time of the journeys was like their establishment at the time of encampment." The act of taking down the Tabernacle mirrored the act of setting it up. It was as if they were re-enacting the creation of the sacred space each time they moved.

The text then walks us through the verses in Exodus (40:21-29) describing the initial erection of the Tabernacle. "He brought the Ark… then, he placed the table… then, he placed the candelabrum… then, he placed the golden altar… and then, the altar of the burnt offering." This is the order of creation, the order of establishing God's presence in their midst.

And just so, when dismantling, they followed the same order, ensuring that even in transit, the sanctity and the divine order were preserved. The Ark first, then the table, then the candelabrum, the golden altar, and finally, the altar of the burnt offering.

This wasn't just about efficiency; it was about maintaining a connection to the divine, about carrying that sacred order with them wherever they went.

(Numbers 4:15) reinforces the gravity of this task, emphasizing the role of Aaron and his sons. "Aaron and his sons shall conclude to cover the sacred, and all the sacred vessels, when the camp travels." It was their responsibility to prepare these holy objects for transport. Then, and only then, could the sons of Kehat carry them. And there's a stark warning: "They shall not touch the sacred and die." This emphasizes the profound respect and reverence demanded when dealing with the vessels of the Mishkan.

The text clarifies: "Aaron and his sons shall conclude to cover the sacred – this is the Ark; and all the sacred vessels – these are the table, candelabrum, and the two altars and all their utensils." The covering and preparation were paramount.

"When the camp travels – they would do so only at the time of the journeys." Meaning, this wasn't a casual affair. This meticulous process was reserved solely for the times of designated travel, evidence of its importance.

So, what does this all mean for us? It suggests that even in periods of transition, in times of dismantling and moving forward, there's a profound opportunity to maintain order, to remember the sacred foundations upon which we build our lives. Just as the Israelites carried the essence of the Tabernacle with them, we too can carry the essence of our values, our beliefs, and our connections to the divine, no matter where our journey takes us. It's a beautiful reminder that even in the midst of change, we can find continuity and meaning.

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Bamidbar Rabbah 11:4Bamidbar Rabbah

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022 · CC-BY

This section of Bamidbar Rabbah, a classical midrashic (rabbinic interpretive commentary) text, explores the nuances of this ancient blessing, revealing layers of meaning and practice. It all starts with the simple phrase, "Speak to Aaron…" The text highlights that because this entire section focuses on Aaron, the High Priest, the divine speech includes Aaron and his sons. The principle, as the verse states, is that when the action involves the priests, the Divine Speech is directed towards them. When it concerns the Israelites, the speech is for them.

"So you shall bless," God instructs. But how exactly are they to bless? Rabbi Yehuda raises a crucial question: How do we know the specific order and manner in which the priests should bless the people? The answer, according to him, lies in the very verse itself: “So you shall bless the children of Israel.”

It doesn't stop there. The discussion moves to the language of the blessing. Must it be in the sacred tongue, Lashon HaKodesh (Hebrew)? The text explores this, referencing another verse: “These shall stand to bless the people” (Deuteronomy 27:12). Just as that blessing is in Hebrew, so too must the Priestly Blessing be. Rabbi Yehuda offers further support: the word "so" (ko) indicates that the blessing is only valid in the original language.

The text then asks, must the blessing be recited while standing? Again, (Deuteronomy 27:12) comes into play: “These shall stand to bless the people.” Rabbi Natan offers an alternative proof, linking blessing to service: “To serve Him and to bless in His name” (Deuteronomy 10:8). Service, as stated in (Deuteronomy 18:5), requires standing; therefore, so does blessing.

And what about the lifting of hands? Is that essential? The verse tells us, "Aaron lifted his hands to the people and blessed them" (Leviticus 9:22). Rabbi Yonatan raises a counterpoint: if we follow this logic strictly, wouldn't the blessing also require a New Moon, a communal offering, and a High Priest, as was the case when Aaron blessed the people? The text then clarifies through another verse: “For the Lord ]your God[ has chosen him…him and his sons” (Deuteronomy 18:5). It's the sons of Aaron, the priests, who are instructed to lift their hands.

Perhaps one of the most fascinating points is the use of the Ineffable Name, the unspeakable Name of God. Should the priests bless with this Name, or with a substitute appellation? The text quotes (Numbers 6:27): “They shall place My name upon the children of Israel, and I will bless them.” This seems to indicate the use of the Ineffable Name. However, the text then introduces a crucial distinction: in the Temple in Jerusalem, the Ineffable Name was used. But outside the Temple, in the "outlying areas," an appellation was used instead. Rabbi Yoshiya makes this point explicitly.

The discussion expands to include proselytes, women, and freed slaves. Are they included in this blessing? The text uses the phrase "Say to them" to argue that the blessing extends to all. It emphasizes that the blessing should be given "face-to-face," with intention and directness.

The text even touches upon the role of the synagogue attendant, who prompts the priests to recite the blessing. Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi goes so far as to say that a priest who refuses to participate in the blessing violates three positive commandments! He also states that a priest who doesn't move his feet towards the ark for the blessing of retzeh (acceptance/favor) in the Amidah prayer forfeits his right to do so in the future, drawing a parallel to Aaron’s descent after performing the sin offering (Leviticus 9:22).

The text continues, delving into the specifics of the blessing, from washing hands before lifting them (Psalm 134:2) to the prayers recited before and after the blessing. Rav Hisda outlines specific protocols: priests cannot bend their fingers until turning away, the attendant must wait for the congregation’s "amen" before calling for the blessing, and so on.

The midrash also explores what the congregation recites during specific prayers like the additional prayer on Shabbat (the Sabbath) and during fast day afternoon services, quoting verses from Psalms and Jeremiah to illustrate appropriate responses.

Finally, the text concludes with a powerful message: God instructs the priests to bless with heartfelt intention, not as a mere obligation. That’s why the word "say" (amor) is written with an extra letter (a vav), implying a deeper commitment and sincerity.

So, what does all this mean for us today? They are powerful expressions of intention, connection, and divine presence. The Priestly Blessing, with its intricate details and profound meaning, offers a glimpse into the heart of Jewish tradition, inviting us to consider the weight and wonder of every word we utter. Next time you hear or offer a blessing, remember the layers of meaning, the history, and the intention behind it. Let it be more than just words; let it be a true expression of your heart.

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Vayikra Rabbah 33:4Vayikra Rabbah

Retold in our words. Read the original at the link below.The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022 · CC-BY

Our tradition certainly thinks so. There’s a powerful message tucked away in Vayikra Rabbah, specifically in section 33, about the weight of our words and the damage they can inflict. It all begins with the seemingly simple phrase, "You shall not wrong one another" (Leviticus 25:14).

How does the Midrash (rabbinic interpretive commentary), that ancient form of Jewish biblical interpretation, understand this verse? Etz Yosef, a commentary on the Midrash, explains that it refers to avoiding verbal abuse and insults. It's about the power of our tongues, for good or ill.

The Midrash then takes us to a fascinating, and frankly, a bit scandalous story from the Book of Numbers (2:34). The Israelites are encamped, organized by their banners, but there’s a problem. Aaron, the High Priest, is facing a barrage of criticism.

Rabbi Yehoshua bar Neḥemya, Rabbi Levi bar Ḥayata, and Rabbi Abba, citing Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba, paint a vivid picture: As Aaron attempts to establish the lineage of the tribes, he’s met with scorn. The people challenge him, questioning his own family's pedigree: "You are establishing our lineage? Before you come to establish our lineage, go and establish the lineage of your sons! Elazar your son, to whom is he married? Is it not to the daughter of Putiel?"

Ouch.

What's the big deal about Putiel? Well, the Midrash (specifically Shemot Rabba 7:5) suggests that Putiel is another name for Jethro, Moses' father-in-law, who was, at one time, an idolater. So, the Israelites are essentially implying that Aaron’s grandson-in-law has tainted lineage.

The text points to (Exodus 6:25): "Elazar, son of Aaron, took from the daughters of Putiel." It's a factual statement, but in the context of their accusations, it becomes a weapon.

But here's where the story takes a turn. According to the Midrash, God sees this verbal assault on Aaron and steps in to defend his honor. God Himself establishes Aaron’s lineage, emphasizing the purity and zealotry of his grandson, Pinḥas. (Numbers 25:11) states: "Pinḥas son of Elazar son of Aaron the priest."

The Midrash interprets this as "priest son of a priest, zealot son of a zealot, one who turned back wrath son of one who turned back wrath." A powerful lineage indeed! This is because Pinḥas acted decisively to stop immorality and idolatry, thereby "turning back God's wrath" (Numbers 25:11-13). In doing so, he earned God's favor and a "covenant of eternal priesthood."

The Midrash emphasizes that God prioritized Aaron's honor over Moses' in this instance. We see this reflected in (Numbers 3:1): "These are the descendants of Aaron and Moses." Notice the order? It's not Moses and Aaron, but Aaron and Moses.

Why this reversal? The Midrash suggests it's because of the verbal abuse Aaron endured. He was publicly shamed, and God responded by elevating his status.

So, what's the takeaway?

This story reminds us that words have power. They can build up or tear down, heal or wound. The Israelites' harsh words against Aaron, questioning his family’s integrity, were deeply hurtful. And God, in His infinite wisdom, recognized the injustice and intervened.

Moses then cautions Israel: "If you sell a sale item..." (Leviticus 25:14) This seemingly disconnected verse serves as a warning. Just as you wouldn't cheat someone in a business transaction, you shouldn't cheat them with your words. The Talmud (Bava Metzia 58b) actually derives from this verse the prohibition against ona'at devarim, verbal oppression.

The story of Aaron and the Israelites is a potent reminder to choose our words carefully. They have the power to diminish, but also to elevate. Let's strive to use them to build each other up, just as God built up Aaron in the face of adversity. What kind of legacy are we building with our words?

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