Translation of the source text.Otzar Midrashim, New York 1915, Public Domain · CC-BY-SA
"Pharaoh's chariots and his host", Our Sages, of blessed memory, said: When Israel was in Egypt, the Egyptians enslaved them with every hard labor in the world, with mortar and with bricks. And every single day they would tell Israel that each and every one of them was to make six hundred bricks; and whenever Israel fell short by even one, they would set the man into the wall in place of what he had fallen short. Corresponding to this, the Egyptians were struck when they pursued them with six hundred chariots, as it is said, "And he took six hundred chosen chariots" (Exodus 14:7). And when Israel saw that the Egyptians were journeying after them, they were terrified and their souls flew out of them. The ministering angels said before the Holy One, blessed be He: "Master of the Universe, let us go down and take vengeance upon Egypt and guard Your children from their hand." But the Holy One, blessed be He, answered them: "I Myself will go down and guard My children Israel, as a reward for Abraham their father having done My will, as it is said, 'And Abraham rose early in the morning' (Genesis 22:3)." And when that hour arrived at which Abraham had stood in prayer before Him, the Holy One, blessed be He, looked into the camp of Egypt in the pillar of fire and cloud, and troubled them and shook them, as it is said, "And it came to pass, that in the morning watch the LORD looked unto the host of the Egyptians" etc. (Exodus 14:24). Therefore it is said, "Pharaoh's chariots and his host hath he cast into the sea: his chosen captains also are drowned in the Red sea" (Exodus 15:4).
"The depths have covered them", Our Sages, of blessed memory, said: Blessed and praised be the name of the Holy One, blessed be He, who created His world with wisdom and with understanding. To His wonders there is no investigation and to His understanding there is no number, as it is written, "He gathereth the waters of the sea together as an heap: he layeth up the depth in storehouses" (Psalms 33:7). When the Holy One, blessed be He, created His world, He said to the prince of the sea: "Open your mouth and swallow all the waters that are in the world." He said before Him: "Master of the Universe, it is enough that I stand within my own," and he began to weep. The Holy One, blessed be He, kicked him and slew him, as it is said, "He divideth the sea with his power, and by his understanding he smiteth through Rahab" (Job 26:12) (thus the name of the prince of the sea is Rahab, Bava Batra 74b). What did the Holy One, blessed be He, do? He subdued them, and the sea received them (the waters of the world), as it is said, "Or who shut up the sea with doors" etc. (Job 38:8). The sea said to Him: "Master of the Universe, if so, the sweet waters will mingle with the salt." He said to it: "Each and every one shall be a storehouse on its own," as it is said, "He layeth up the depth in storehouses" (Psalms 33:7). Come and see how many kindnesses the Holy One, blessed be He, did with Israel when they went in the wilderness: He would go before them by day in a pillar of cloud to lead them the way, and by night in a pillar of fire to give them light, etc. And furthermore, there were there serpents and scorpions and fiery serpents, and the Holy One, blessed be He, out of the abundance of love with which He loved Israel, would send to the serpents that they should make themselves like an eagle, and Israel would pass over them as a man who passes over an eagle. And still, out of the great dread of the serpents that were in the wilderness, and out of the fear and dread they had of the Egyptians, they said to Moses: "You say that the Egyptians have drowned in the sea; we are afraid lest they come up out of the sea just as we ourselves came up. If it is Your will, show them to us dead, and let us see vengeance upon our enemies." Immediately Moses said before the Holy One, blessed be He: "Master of the Universe, out of the great fear and dread they have of the Egyptians, they do not believe that they were drowned in the sea. If it is Your will, do wonders for them and show them to them, and let them see vengeance upon their foes." Immediately the Holy One, blessed be He, said to the prince of the sea: "Cast them onto the dry land." The prince of the sea said: "Master of the Universe, is there a master who gives a gift to his servant and then takes it from him?" The Holy One, blessed be He, said to the prince of the sea: "I will repay you one and a half times as many as them." He said before Him: "Master of the Universe, is there a servant who sues his master at law for what is owed to him?" The Holy One, blessed be He, said to him: "The brook Kishon shall be a surety for you." Immediately the sea cast them out onto the shore of the sea, and Israel saw them, and each and every one recognized his enemy, and they took all their silver and their gold. And after they had seen their vengeance, the Holy One, blessed be He, sank them like a stone. Therefore it is said, "The depths have covered them: they sank into the bottom as a stone" (Exodus 15:5).
"Thy right hand, O LORD, is become glorious in power", Our Sages, of blessed memory, said: At the hour when the Holy One, blessed be He, brought the plague of the firstborn upon the Egyptians in Egypt, the plague came first upon their gods and upon their images: those that were of silver and of gold and of brass and of tin and of lead melted and dissolved, and all the images of wood rotted and broke. When Pharaoh saw this, he arose at midnight and called for Moses and Aaron, and went crying through all the streets of Israel, saying: "Where do Moses and Aaron dwell?" And the little children of Israel would mock him and say to him: "Where are you going, and whom do you seek?" And he would say to them: "I seek Moses my friend," and they would say: "Here he dwells," and others would say: "Here he lives," and others would say: "In another place," until he found the house. And he said to him: "Moses! Arise, get you out from among my people." Moses said: "Are we thieves, that we should go out by night? The Holy One, blessed be He, told us, 'And none of you shall go out at the door of his house until the morning' (Exodus 12:22)." He said to him: "I beg of you, arise, go out quickly."
"And it came to pass at midnight" (Exodus 12:29), this is what was said by the Holy Spirit through David, as it is said, "At midnight I will rise to give thanks unto thee because of thy righteous judgments" (Psalms 119:62). Rabbi Yochanan said: This teaches that David said before the Holy One, blessed be He: "Master of the Universe, I give thanks before You for that night on which You wrought a miracle for Israel in Egypt." And David said: Come and see what the Holy One, blessed be He, did in Egypt for Israel, blessed be His name and exalted be His remembrance, that He did not complete His judgment in Egypt until He had made His judgments known to Moses and to Israel. The Holy One, blessed be He, said to Moses: "Moses, go and say to them, to My children: Know that I am going out into the midst of Egypt, and I Myself will exact punishment from them and will slaughter their firstborn in a single hour; and you, slaughter your Passover offerings and put the blood of the Passover upon the lintel and upon the two doorposts and upon the roofs of your houses and upon the walls, and this shall be a sign for life." A parable: to what is the matter like? To a king who had a flock, and set apart some of them for life and some of them for death. What did he do? He took the red dye and marked those that he had set apart for life, but those that he had set apart for death he did not mark. So too the Holy One, blessed be He: the flock that He wished to slaughter were these Egyptians, and the flock that He set apart for life were Israel, upon whom He put the red dye, the sign for life is this blood, as it is said, "And they shall take of the blood, and strike it on the two side posts and on the upper door post" (Exodus 12:7). And so Israel did: they slaughtered their Passover offerings and put of the blood upon the lintel and upon the two doorposts and upon the walls of their houses. Moses said to them: "Thus the Holy One, blessed be He, said to me: 'This is the ordinance of the Passover: there shall no stranger eat thereof' (Exodus 12:43)." When Israel heard the words of the Holy One, blessed be He, they stood upon their feet with joy and with songs, and they circumcised in haste all the uncircumcised who were among them, and the Holy One, blessed be He, hastened and healed them. When it was midnight, the Holy One, blessed be He, passed through the midst of Egypt and saw Israel sullied with the blood of circumcision, and their houses sullied with the blood of the Passover; He blessed them and said to them: "My children, be alive for the coming year," as it is said, "And when I passed by thee, and saw thee" etc., "I said unto thee when thou wast in thy blood, Live" (Ezekiel 16:6).
And Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: When Moses said to Pharaoh, "Know that the firstborn of Egypt shall die in the night," he began to mock him and said: "How many will the firstborn of Egypt be, two hundred or three hundred?" And this fool did not know that all of them were firstborn, because they were steeped in lewdness and were all bastards, and each and every one was a firstborn to his father [and if he was not a firstborn, the eldest of the house died]. And once the firstborn and the chief ones of the house in place of the firstborn had died, and Pharaoh saw that most of his sons and the sons of his servants and the sons of his handmaids had died, Pharaoh said in his heart: "Moses never told me a falsehood." And he said to his servants: "All the days that Moses was with me, I would appease him, and he would pray for us and we would be healed; now I grew angry with him and said to him, 'See my face no more' (Exodus 10:28). It is fitting that I myself should go." Immediately he arose from his bed in great weeping and went with his princes to the door of Moses' house. Pharaoh cried out in a loud voice and wept in bitterness of soul and called to Moses: "Moses, my friend! I beg of you, pray for me before the Holy One, blessed be He." And Moses and Aaron and all Israel were eating their Passover offerings and drinking wine reclining, and saying songs and praises to the Holy One, blessed be He, and sitting in their houses, and none of them went outside, for thus the Holy One, blessed be He, had said to them: "And none of you shall go out at the door of his house until the morning" (Exodus 12:22).
And when Pharaoh called at the door of Moses, he said to him: "Who are you, and what is your name?" He said to him: "Pharaoh the abased." Moses said to him: "Why have you come to me yourself? Is it the way of a king to rise at night and to go around to the doors of men?" Pharaoh said to Moses: "I beg of you, my lord, come and pray for us now, [and if not] there will not remain a man in Egypt." He said to him: "I cannot go out, for the Holy One, blessed be He, commanded us and said to us, 'And none of you shall go out at the door of his house until the morning' (Exodus 12:22)." Pharaoh said to Moses: "I beg of you, come to the window and speak with me," and so he did. And Pharaoh said to him: "Did you not say to me yesterday, 'And all the firstborn in the land of Egypt shall die' (Exodus 11:5), and now nine portions are dead?" Moses said to him: "Even so, if you wish, I will teach you a thing and you will be saved and not die. Raise your voice and say: 'Children of Israel! Behold, you are in your own authority. Arise, go out from among my people. Until now you were the servants of Pharaoh; from here onward, behold, you are in the authority of the LORD. Go, serve the LORD your God.'" And so he did several times, and the Holy One, blessed be He, caused the voice of Pharaoh to be heard in all the land of Egypt, as it is said, "And Pharaoh rose up in the night, he, and all his servants, and all the Egyptians; and there was a great cry in Egypt; for there was not a house" etc. (Exodus 12:30), "And he said, Arise, get you out from among my people."
Moses said to Pharaoh: "Why do you trouble yourself?" He said to him: "I am afraid lest I die, since I am a firstborn." And Moses said to him: "Do not fear of this matter; for something greater than this you are prepared" (to drown in the sea). And do not say that Pharaoh alone was urging, but rather all the Egyptians were urging, as it is said, "And the Egyptians were urgent upon the people, that they might send them out of the land in haste; for they said, We be all dead men" (Exodus 12:33). Rabbi Shmuel bar Nachmani said: With this cunning the Egyptians came upon Israel, to enslave them under their hand and to subdue them. They said: "If we enslave them with fire, their God is able to fight against us with fire, just as He brought upon Sodom and upon Gomorrah; but let us enslave them with water, for He is not able to fight against us with water, since He has already sworn that He will not bring a flood upon the world." And the Holy One, blessed be He, said to them: "Fools! I swore that I would not bring a flood upon the world; by your lives, you yourselves shall go to the flood." Therefore He drowned them in the sea. Therefore it is said, "Thy right hand, O LORD, is become glorious in power: thy right hand, O LORD, hath dashed in pieces the enemy" (Exodus 15:6).