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Esau, Pharaoh, and Haman Each Plot to Kill the Last Jew

Esau waits for his father to die. Pharaoh counts a swarming people. Haman seals a letter to kill every Jew in one day. Each plot is smarter. Each fails.

Curated by Arthur · Told by Maggid ·
Table of Contents
  1. Esau Sits in the Dark and Studies a Murder
  2. Pharaoh Counts a People That Will Not Stop Multiplying
  3. Haman Reads Every Failure Before His Own
  4. The Letter That Corrects All the Others
  5. The Council at the Edge of Time

Picture a single warrior planted in a doorway, sword loose in his hand, the only thing standing between a country and the men who want it. The invaders gather at the treeline and understand, all of them at once, that the walls do not matter and the gates do not matter. Only the warrior matters. Kill him, and the land falls open like a split fruit. So they stop talking about the country. They start talking about the man.

That is how the plotters against one family always begin. Not with armies. With a council. With chairs drawn close and voices lowered and a diagram of the single throat that must be cut.

Esau Sits in the Dark and Studies a Murder

The first of them needs no council at all. Esau sits alone in Canaan, turning over a wound that will not close. His father Isaac, blind and trembling, had laid hands on the wrong son. The blessing went to Jacob, smooth where Esau was rough, quiet where Esau was loud, and the words that came down on Esau instead were a sentence: by your sword you will live, and your brother you will serve (Genesis 27:40).

Esau does not weep over it twice. He calculates. He reaches back to the oldest killing of all, the field where Cain struck down Abel while their father still walked the earth. Esau sees the flaw in it the way a craftsman sees a crooked joint. Cain killed too soon. Adam was alive, able to father another son, and so the line simply continued through Seth and the murder bought nothing. Blood spilled, and the family grew back over the wound like bark.

Esau will not be a fool like Cain. He will wait. Let Isaac die first, of old age, in his own bed. With no father left to make another heir, and Jacob in the ground beside him, the line ends in one motion and stays ended. It is patient. It is cold. It is, he is certain, perfect. So Esau keeps threatening, and waits, and the waiting is the gift. Jacob uses the years to leave, to marry, to grow into a nation that no longer fits inside a single throat.

Pharaoh Counts a People That Will Not Stop Multiplying

Centuries pour through, and the family Esau meant to end has become a tide. By the time the throne of Egypt turns its attention to them, they have multiplied through four hundred years of slavery and bondage, swarming in the brickyards, filling the land.

This time there is a council. Pharaoh calls his advisors and they look at Esau's error and improve on it. One man is impossible to kill cleanly. A whole people is harder. So they will not try to erase everyone. They will bleed the future quietly, drowning only the boys, taking the sons, leaving the daughters and the laboring men whose backs they still need (Exodus 1:22). It is efficient. It keeps the workforce and strangles the line in the cradle.

Therefore the midwives stall, and the river that was meant to be a grave carries one basket the wrong way, into the arms of the palace itself. The plan that spared the useful and killed the small raises its own destroyer at the king's own table.

Haman Reads Every Failure Before His Own

The next man to try has studied all of them. Haman the Amalekite carries an inheritance of rage older than his own life. His people were the ones Saul cut down from Havilah to Shur, more than five hundred thousand of them, men and women and children, and Haman has never set the grudge down. Worse, the Jew who will not bow to him at the king's gate, Mordecai, descends from that same Saul.

The grudge sharpens into something administrative. Mordecai, sitting at the gate, overhears two of the king's chamberlains, Bigthan and Teresh, plotting to behead Ahasuerus and ship his head to a rival king at war with Persia. Mordecai sends word through Esther. The two are hanged. They had been Haman's own counselors, and their bodies swinging there do not cool his rage. They feed it.

So Haman sits down and writes the most thorough death warrant in the long history of the councils. He gathers the consent of all the prefects, the governors, the rulers, all the kings of the East, and seals the letter with the ring of Ahasuerus itself. Inside it he runs the ledger of everyone who failed before him, and he names their mistakes like a man grading lesser students.

The Letter That Corrects All the Others

Pharaoh, Haman writes, killed only the males, and so a remnant survived to walk out free. Esau wanted Jacob dead but meant to keep the sons alive as servants, and the servants outlived the master. Amalek harried the people but only struck the stragglers at the rear, the weak and the tired, and left the body of the nation intact. Nebuchadnezzar dragged them into exile but then raised some of them up to power inside his own court. Sennacherib carried them off to a land much like their own, where they took root and did not die.

Each of them, Haman sees, kept a door open somewhere. He will keep none. He likens this people to a great eagle whose wings once spread over the whole earth until the Medes broke them, and now, he warns, the broken wings are growing new feathers. So the writ is total: to destroy and to slay and to blot out all the Jews, young and old, women and children, on one single day, so that there be no seed left in the world.

One day. No remnant. No useful survivors, no servants, no exiles promoted to office. The flawless version at last. And the gallows Haman builds for the man who would not bow becomes the beam he hangs from, and the day he chose to end a people becomes their feast.

The Council at the Edge of Time

There is one more named in the ledger, not yet arrived. Gog and the land of Magog, the last muster, the final council that gathers at the rim of history with the whole accumulated wisdom of every plotter who came before. Esau's patience, Pharaoh's arithmetic, Haman's totality, all of it studied, all of it sharpened, all of it aimed once more at the single warrior in the doorway. The throne in heaven laughs at the gathering (Psalm 2:4), because the council has met before, under other names, and the warrior is still standing.


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From the tradition

Sources

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The texts this telling draws on, in full. Open a card to read inline, or expand it for a wider, quieter read.

Midrash Tehillim 2:4Midrash Tehillim

In fact, it's a theme that echoes through Jewish tradition, especially when we

The Midrash Tehillim, a collection of homiletical teachings on the Book of Psalms, paints a vivid picture. It starts with an analogy: Imagine a powerful warrior protecting a country. Invaders arrive, and they realize the only way to conquer the land is to eliminate the warrior first.

That's the setup. But who is this warrior, and who are the invaders?

The Midrash (rabbinic interpretive commentary) goes on to describe a series of historical villains, Esau, Pharaoh, Haman, and ultimately, Gog and Magog, each of whom thought they had a foolproof plan to destroy the Jewish people. They believed they could outsmart history, but they all failed.

Rabbi Berachiah, citing Rabbi Levi, says that these wicked individuals create councils against Israel, each convinced their plan is superior. As we find in the Midrash Tehillim, each villain thought they were smarter than the last. Esau, for example, supposedly criticized Cain for killing Abel before their father could have more children. Pharaoh thought he was being clever by ordering the death of male babies, preventing future generations. Haman, in turn, felt he was outsmarting Pharaoh by plotting total annihilation.

But here's the kicker: all these villains underestimated the power of God, the protector of Israel. As the Midrash points out, they didn't realize that the Jewish people have a "patron in heaven."

The story then shifts to Gog and Magog, the ultimate antagonists in Jewish eschatology – the study of the end times. They believe they will succeed where others failed. Their strategy? To unite with God's power first, and then turn against Israel. They aim to co-opt the divine power they perceive as the source of Israel's strength. "First I unite with my patron, and then I return to Israel."

This is where the Midrash quotes, "On Hashem and His Messiah." (Psalm 2:2). But the Holy One, blessed be He, has a surprise for them. God responds with a powerful declaration: "Gog and Magog, how many troops do I have before me, and how many lightning bolts, thunders, and flames? I will go with you to war!" In other words, God will unleash His full power against them.

The passage then quotes (Isaiah 42:13): "Hashem will go forth as a mighty man, he shall stir up jealousy like a man of war: he shall cry, yea, roar; he shall prevail against his enemies." God isn't just a passive observer; He's an active warrior, ready to defend His people.

The Midrash concludes with a verse from (Zechariah 14:9): "And Hashem shall be king over all the earth." This is the ultimate message of hope: even in the face of overwhelming odds, God's power and sovereignty will prevail.

So, what can we take away from this ancient teaching? Perhaps it's a reminder that those who plot against good ultimately fail because they underestimate the power of something greater than themselves. Perhaps it's an assurance that even in the darkest of times, we are not alone. Perhaps it's a call to recognize the Divine presence in our lives and to trust in the ultimate triumph of justice and peace.

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Book of Jubilees 27:1Book of Jubilees

That feeling, that burning resentment, is at the heart of our story today, straight from the Book of Jubilees, a text that expands on the stories we find in the Torah itself.

Remember the scene? Jacob, with a little help from his mother Rebecca, tricks his blind father Isaac into giving him the blessing meant for Esau, the elder son. Ouch.

The Book of Jubilees gives us a little more insight into the fallout. It paints a picture of Esau seething with rage. "And by thy sword wilt thou live," the text says, recounting Isaac's words to Esau, "And thou wilt serve thy brother. And it shall come to pass when thou becomest great, and dost shake his yoke from off thy neck, Thou wilt sin a complete sin unto death, And thy seed will be rooted out from under heaven." It's a harsh pronouncement, filled with a sense of inescapable fate. Esau’s destiny is forever intertwined with Jacob’s, a constant reminder of what he lost.

The text goes on, "And Esau kept threatening Jacob because of the blessing wherewith his father blessed him, and he said in his heart: 'May the days of mourning for my father now come, so that I may slay my brother Jacob.'" Can you feel the venom? Esau is consumed by a desire for revenge. He's not just upset; he’s plotting fratricide. He's willing to wait for his father's death just to get his chance. The weight of that resentment must have been crushing.

But here's where the story takes another turn. Rebecca, ever the protective mother, gets wind of Esau's deadly intentions. "And the words of Esau, her elder son, were told to Rebecca in a dream, and Rebecca sent and called Jacob her younger son, and said unto him: 'Behold Esau thy brother will take vengeance on thee so as to kill thee.'" Dreams, in Jewish tradition, often serve as divine warnings, messages from beyond. And Rebecca, attuned to these subtle signs, acts swiftly.

What does this all mean? It's a story about sibling rivalry, yes, but it's also about destiny, free will, and the consequences of our choices. Esau is seemingly trapped by the prophecy, fated to serve his brother. Yet, he also has the agency to choose his path. Will he succumb to his anger and fulfill the grim prediction? Or can he find a way to break free from the cycle of resentment and violence?

This passage from the Book of Jubilees leaves us hanging, doesn't it? It reminds us that even when we feel wronged, even when we believe fate is against us, we still have the power to shape our own stories. The question is, what will we choose to do with it?

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Chronicles of Jerahmeel LXXXIChronicles of Jerahmeel (Gaster, 1899)

Haman wrote one of the most chilling documents in Jewish legend. According to the Chronicles of Jerahmeel, a 12th-century Hebrew chronicle translated by Moses Gaster in 1899, Haman composed a letter "with the consent of all the prefects, governors, rulers, and all the kings of the East," sealed with the ring of Ahasuerus. In it, he compared Israel to a great eagle whose wings once spread over the whole world until the Medes broke them. Now, Haman warned, the eagle was growing new feathers.

Haman distinguished his plan from every previous attempt to destroy the Jews. Pharaoh had targeted only the males. Esau wanted to kill Jacob but keep his sons as servants. Amalek pursued Israel but attacked only the weak. Nebuchadnezzar exiled them but promoted some to power. Sennacherib relocated them to a land like their own. Haman proposed something total: "to destroy and to blot out all the Jews, young and old, women and children, and all on one day, so that there be no seed left in the world."

He rewrote Jewish history from the enemies' perspective with deliberate distortion. Moses was a "wizard" who plagued Egypt through "enchantments." Joshua defeated Amalek by whispering spells. The Israelites were thieves who robbed their neighbors before leaving Egypt. This inverted narrative was designed to convince the nations that Israel had always repaid kindness with treachery.

The nations wrote back with an unexpected response: "We fear lest they do the same to us as they did to our forefathers. Whoever touches them touches the apple of God's eye. Their God has called them the stone of foundation, and whenever it is moved He shall replace it." Haman wrote again, arguing that God had grown old and weak, unable to save His people from Nebuchadnezzar. The nations finally consented. But Mordecai met three schoolchildren that day, and their Torah lessons gave him the answer he needed: "Take counsel together, and it shall be brought to nought."

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Chronicles of Jerahmeel LXXIXChronicles of Jerahmeel (Gaster, 1899)

The hatred between Haman the Amalekite and Mordecai the Jew had deep ancestral roots. According to the Chronicles of Jerahmeel, a 12th-century Hebrew chronicle translated by Moses Gaster in 1899, Mordecai was a descendant of Saul, who had destroyed the Amalekites from Havilah to Shur, slaying more than 500,000 men, women, and children. Haman descended from those same Amalekites and nursed that ancient grudge against all of Judah and the tribe of Benjamin.

While sitting at the king's gate, Mordecai overheard two Persian chamberlains, Bigthan and Teresh, plotting to behead Ahasuerus and deliver his head to the Macedonian king, whose empire was then at war with Persia. Mordecai told Esther, who told the king. The conspirators were hanged, but because they were Haman's counselors, their execution only deepened his rage.

Mordecai remembered a dream from the second year of Ahasuerus's reign. A great earthquake shook the earth. Two immense dragons fought each other with terrible noise while a small nation lived among the watching peoples. All the surrounding nations rose to destroy this small nation. Thick darkness fell. Then Mordecai saw a small brook of water flow between the two dragons, separating them. The brook grew into a flood like the Great Sea, covering the whole earth. The sun returned, the small nation was exalted, the proud were humbled, and peace was restored.

When Haman's plot took shape, Mordecai told Esther to remember that dream and go before the king. Then Mordecai himself prayed with extraordinary intensity: "It is well known to the throne of Thy glory, O Lord, that it was not from pride or haughtiness I refused to bow to this Amalekite. I would prostrate myself to no being except Thy holy presence. But for Israel's salvation I would lick the shoe upon his foot and the dust upon which he walks."

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