5 min read

Gad Studied His Own Hatred for Decades Then Confessed

Gad helped sell Joseph into slavery and spent the rest of his life studying what hatred does inside a human being. His findings were brutal.

Curated by Arthur · Told by Maggid ·
Table of Contents
  1. The Shepherd Who Killed Bears
  2. The Report That Started It
  3. What Hatred Does
  4. The Reckoning at Egypt

The Shepherd Who Killed Bears

Gad was not the kind of man who needed protection. When lions came for the flock at night, he pursued them. When wolves circled, he seized them by the foot, hurled them a stone's throw, and killed them. When a bear locked its jaws on a lamb, he killed the bear with his hands. The sons of Zilpah were known as the strong ones, and Gad was their best argument.

He told his sons this at the beginning of his testament not to boast but to establish context. Because what happened with Joseph could not be attributed to weakness. Gad was not afraid of Joseph. He hated him. And fear and hatred, he had spent decades learning, were not the same thing.

The Report That Started It

Here is what Joseph did. He was feeding the flock with them for thirty days when he fell sick from the heat. He went back to Hebron and lay down and their father, who loved Joseph above all of them, nursed him. Then Joseph reported to Jacob what the sons of Zilpah and Bilhah had been doing with the flock. He told their father they had been killing the best animals and eating them without the judgment of Reuben and Judah.

It was mostly true. Gad had killed a lamb that couldn't be saved after the bear attack, and eaten it because it was already dying. But the way Joseph told it, it sounded like theft. Like disrespect. Like exactly the kind of story that would make Jacob's love for Joseph flare brighter and his dim regard for Zilpah's sons go darker still.

Gad felt something enter him like a wedge. He could not have named it then. He named it later, at the end of his life, when he had studied it long enough to describe its architecture.

What Hatred Does

The object of Gad's hate was not Joseph's face or Joseph's voice. It was the favor. Jacob's eyes when they looked at Joseph. The coat. The way their father spoke Joseph's name. Gad hated the fact that Joseph existed in a position Gad could never occupy no matter how many bears he killed.

He described to his sons what hatred did to him physically. It poisoned his sleep. It made food taste wrong. It kept him calculating the same injury over and over, the account never closing. Even the good Joseph did inflamed the hatred further, because everything good Joseph did reminded Gad that Joseph was better loved. The spirit, Gad said, had turned his soul into a miser counting losses that could never be recovered.

And there was a subtler corruption. Hatred, he had discovered, had opinions. It told him what to see and what to ignore. When Joseph showed kindness, the hatred explained it as performance. When Joseph succeeded, the hatred filed it as injustice. Every piece of evidence was processed through the hatred first, and the hatred shaped each piece into further proof of grievance. A man inside this state believed he was being rational. He was not. He was being managed.

The Reckoning at Egypt

When Joseph stood before his brothers in Egypt and revealed himself, Gad watched. He saw the man he had helped strip and throw into a pit now holding power over every life in the room. He expected to feel terror. Instead he felt something he had no name for, something that broke the structure of the hatred and left him standing in rubble.

Joseph wept. Joseph asked after their father. Joseph said he bore no grudge. And the hatred, which had been Gad's companion for decades and which he had believed was a permanent fact about his own nature, simply lost its argument.

He told his sons this as the central thing, the hardest thing: hatred feels permanent, but it requires feeding. Love does not require the same effort. Love, when it is strong, simply is. The command he left them was simple. Love one another. And if you find yourself hating someone, put down the hatred before it puts you down. It is a worse master than any enemy.


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Testament of GadTestaments of the Twelve Patriarchs

Gad, ninth son of Jacob, born of Zilpah, spoke to his sons in the hundred and twenty-fifth year of his life. He had been valiant in keeping the flocks, guarding them at night. When the lion came, or the wolf, or any wild beast, Gad pursued it, seized its foot with his hand, hurled it a stone's throw, and killed it.

Then came the matter of Joseph.

Joseph was feeding the flock with them for thirty days when he fell sick from the heat. He returned to Hebron, where Jacob made him lie down, loving him greatly. But Joseph told their father that the sons of Zilpah and Bilhah were slaying the best of the flock and eating them without the judgment of Reuben and Judah. Gad had, in fact, rescued a lamb from the mouth of a bear and killed the bear, but then slaughtered the lamb because it could not survive its injuries. They ate it. Joseph reported this. Jacob believed him.

"Regarding this matter I was wroth with Joseph until the day he was sold," Gad confessed. "The spirit of hatred was in me. I wished not to hear of Joseph with my ears, nor see him with my eyes, because he rebuked us to our faces."

The hatred went deeper. "I confess now my sin, my children, that often I wished to kill him, because I hated him from my heart. I wished to lick him out of the land of the living, even as an ox licks up the grass of the field." He and Simeon sold Joseph to the Ishmaelites (Genesis 37:28). Only the God of his fathers delivered Joseph from Gad's hands, preventing lawlessness in Israel.

Now Gad delivered his teaching on hatred, and it was devastating.

"Whatever a man does, the hater abhors him. Though a man works the law of the Lord, the hater praises him not. Though a man fears God and takes pleasure in righteousness, the hater loves him not. He dispraises the truth. He envies the one who prospers. He welcomes evil-speaking. He loves arrogance. For hatred blinds the soul."

"Beware of hatred," Gad warned, "for it works lawlessness even against the Lord Himself. It will not hear His commandments concerning loving one's neighbor. If a brother stumbles, hatred immediately proclaims it to all men, and urgently demands he be judged, punished, put to death. Hatred works with envy against those who prosper: so long as it hears of or sees their success, it always languishes."

Then the most striking line: "As love would quicken even the dead and call back those condemned to die, so hatred would slay the living, and those who had sinned only slightly it would not suffer to live." The spirit of hatred works together with the Adversary, through hastiness of spirit, toward men's destruction. But the spirit of love works together with the law of God, in long-suffering, toward the salvation of men.

"Hatred is evil," Gad continued, "for it constantly mates with lying. It makes small things great, calls the light darkness, calls the sweet bitter. It teaches slander, kindles wrath, stirs up war and violence and all covetousness. It fills the heart with evils and devilish poison."

The cure was precise: "Righteousness casts out hatred. Humility destroys envy. For the one who is just and humble is ashamed to do what is unjust, being reproved not by another, but by his own heart, because the Lord looks on his inclination."

Gad learned this through suffering. God brought a disease upon his liver. Had the prayers of Jacob not rescued him, his spirit would have departed. "By what things a man transgresses," Gad said, "by the same also is he punished. Since my liver was set mercilessly against Joseph, in my liver too I suffered mercilessly, and was judged for eleven months, as long as I had been angry against Joseph."

True repentance drives away darkness, enlightens the eyes, gives knowledge to the soul, and leads the mind to salvation. What it has not learned from man, it knows through repentance itself.

"Love each one his brother," Gad urged. "If a man sin against you, cast forth the poison of hate and speak peaceably to him. If he confess and repent, forgive him. If he deny it, do not get into a passion. And if he persists in wrong-doing, even so forgive him from the heart, and leave to God the avenging."

He commanded his sons to honor Judah and Levi, for from them the Lord would raise up salvation for Israel. Then he drew up his feet and fell asleep in peace. After five years, they carried him to Hebron and laid him with his fathers.

Full source
Testament of DanTestaments of the Twelve Patriarchs

Dan, seventh son of Jacob, born of Bilhah, called his family together in the hundred and twenty-fifth year of his life. He had proved something in his heart through his entire existence, and now he would speak it: "Truth with just dealing is good and well pleasing to God. Lying and anger are evil, because they teach a man all wickedness."

Then the confession.

"In my heart I resolved on the death of Joseph my brother, the true and good man." Dan rejoiced when Joseph was sold, because their father loved Joseph more than the rest. The spirit of jealousy whispered: "You are his son too." One of the spirits of Beliar stirred him further: "Take this sword, and with it slay Joseph; so shall your father love you when he is dead." It was the spirit of anger that urged Dan to crush Joseph as a leopard crushes a kid.

The God of his fathers did not allow it. Dan never found Joseph alone. A second tribe was not destroyed in Israel.

"Unless you keep yourselves from the spirit of lying and of anger," Dan warned, "you shall perish." Then he delivered the most penetrating analysis of anger in all the testaments:

"Anger is blindness. It does not suffer one to see the face of any man with truth. Though it be a father or mother, it treats them as enemies. Though it be a brother, it does not recognize him. Though it be a prophet of the Lord, it disobeys him. Though it be a righteous man, it disregards him. Though it be a friend, it refuses to acknowledge him." The spirit of anger encompasses a man with the net of deceit, blinds his eyes, darkens his mind through lying, and gives him its own twisted vision. Its weapon is hatred of heart, breeding envy of one's own brother.

"Anger is an evil thing," Dan continued, "for it troubles even the soul itself. It takes mastery over the soul and bestows upon the body power to work all iniquity. And when the body does these things, the soul justifies them, since it cannot see aright." A mighty man in anger has threefold power: through servants, through wealth used to persuade and overwhelm, and through his own natural strength turned to evil. Even a weak man gains double power through wrath, for anger always aids lawlessness.

The cycle was precise: first provocation by word, then strengthening by deeds, then sharp disturbance of the mind, then great wrath stirred in the soul. Dan warned against the two-fold trap: "A twofold mischief is wrath with lying; they assist one another in order to disturb the heart. And when the soul is continually disturbed, the Lord departs from it, and Beliar rules over it."

"Observe the commandments of the Lord," Dan commanded. "Keep His law. Depart from wrath and hate lying, that the Lord may dwell among you and Beliar may flee from you. Speak truth each one with his neighbor, so shall you not fall into wrath and confusion, but you shall be in peace, having the God of peace, so shall no war prevail over you. Love the Lord through all your life, and one another with a true heart."

He foresaw that his sons would depart from the Lord and provoke Levi and fight against Judah, but they would not prevail, for an angel of the Lord would guide both tribes. Dan directed his sons to draw near to God and to the angel that intercedes for Israel, standing against the kingdom of the enemy. "The enemy is eager to destroy all who call upon the Lord," Dan said, "for he knows that on the day Israel repents, the kingdom of the enemy shall be brought to an end."

The angel of peace would strengthen Israel. The Lord would not depart from them, but would transform them into a nation that does His will.

"Keep yourselves from every evil work," Dan concluded. "Cast away wrath and all lying. Love truth and long-suffering." He kissed his sons and fell asleep at a good old age. They buried him and later carried his bones to rest near Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

Full source
Testament of SimeonTestaments of the Twelve Patriarchs

Simeon, second son of Jacob and Leah, was dying in his hundred and twentieth year. Joseph his brother had already passed. When his sons came to visit, Simeon strengthened himself, sat up, kissed them, and began to speak.

What he confessed was monstrous.

"I was strong exceedingly," he said. "My heart was hard, my liver immovable, my bowels without compassion." In his youth, Simeon had been consumed with jealousy of Joseph, because their father loved Joseph beyond all the others. The prince of deceit sent forth the spirit of envy and blinded Simeon's mind, until he regarded Joseph not as a brother, but as an enemy to be destroyed.

He laid out the events plainly. When Simeon went to Shechem for ointment, and Reuben to Dothan for supplies, Judah sold Joseph to the Ishmaelites (Genesis 37:28). When Reuben heard, he grieved, for he had wished to restore Joseph to their father. But Simeon was furious that Judah had let Joseph go alive. For five months, rage consumed him.

Then God intervened directly. "The Lord restrained me," Simeon said, "and withheld from me the power of my hands. My right hand was half withered for seven days." This was the sign. Simeon understood: because of Joseph, this had befallen him. He repented and wept. He besought the Lord that his hand might be restored and that he might hold himself aloof from all envy and folly.

"Beware of the spirit of deceit and envy," Simeon warned his children. "For envy rules over the whole mind of a man. It suffers him neither to eat nor to drink nor to do any good thing. It ever urges him to destroy the one he envies. And so long as the envied one flourishes, the one who envies fades away." Two years of fasting in the fear of God taught Simeon the cure: if a man flees to the Lord, the evil spirit runs from him, and his mind is lightened.

When the brothers went down to Egypt, Joseph bound Simeon as a spy. Simeon knew he was suffering justly and did not grieve. And Joseph, who had the Spirit of God within him, bore no malice. He loved Simeon as he loved all his brothers. All his days, Joseph never reproached them. He loved them as his own soul, glorified them beyond his own sons, and gave them riches, cattle, and fruits.

"Love each one his brother with a good heart," Simeon pleaded, "and the spirit of envy will withdraw from you. For envy makes savage the soul and destroys the body. It causes anger and war in the mind, stirs up deeds of blood, leads the mind into frenzy. Even in sleep, malicious jealousy gnaws at a man, disturbs his soul with wicked spirits, and wakes him in confusion."

Joseph's beauty of face, Simeon explained, came from the fact that no wickedness dwelt in him. The trouble of the spirit shows itself in the face. A pure heart makes a person radiant.

Looking to the future, Simeon declared that the Mighty One of Israel would glorify Shem, and the Lord God would appear on earth to save humanity. All the spirits of deceit would be trodden underfoot, and men would rule over wicked spirits. He commanded his sons to obey Levi and Judah, for from them would arise the salvation of God: from Levi a High Priest, and from Judah a righteous King.

Simeon slept with his fathers at a hundred and twenty years old. They laid him in a wooden coffin to take his bones to Hebron. They carried them secretly during a war of the Egyptians, for the Egyptians guarded the bones of Joseph in the tombs of their kings. Their sorcerers had prophesied that when Joseph's bones departed, darkness and plague would fall upon all Egypt, so terrible that even with a lamp a man could not recognize his own brother.

Full source
Legends of the Jews, II. The Sons Of Jacob, Gad's HatredLegends of the Jews

It’s a human experience, unfortunately, one that even touched the lives of the biblical figures readers often hold up as paragons of virtue. the tradition turns to Gad, one of the twelve sons of Jacob, whose story in Legends of the Jews (Ginzberg) reveals a painful struggle with hatred and its consequences.

Gad, as the story goes, lived a long and full life, reaching 125 years. Before his death, he gathered his sons and recounted his life, particularly focusing on his complicated relationship with his brother, Joseph. Gad paints a picture of himself as a strong, capable shepherd, protecting his flock from wild animals. He recounts how Joseph, after tending the flocks with them for a time, reported back to their father Jacob that the sons of Zilpah and Bilhah (Gad included) were slaughtering the best animals without consulting Reuben and Judah.

Joseph, in his role, also reported on Gad's actions, mentioning how Gad once rescued a lamb from a bear, killed the bear, and then slaughtered the lamb because it was too injured. This, it seems, was the last straw. As Gad confesses to his sons, “I was wroth with Joseph for his talebearing, until he was sold into Egypt. I would neither look upon him nor hear aught about him…”

Gad's resentment festered. He admits, “Now I confess my sin, that ofttimes I longed to kill him, for I hated him from the bottom of my heart, and on account of his dreams I hated him still more, and I desired to destroy him from off the land of the living.” Can you feel the intensity of that hatred? It’s a stark reminder that even within the family of Jacob, jealousy and animosity could run deep.

But here’s the twist. Gad doesn’t just confess his hatred; he reflects on it. He recognizes the destructive nature of animosity, describing it as “the constant companion of deception.” It magnifies small issues, distorts truth, and leads to anger, war, and violence. It’s a powerful indictment of the corrosive effects of holding onto anger. Gad ultimately acknowledges that Judah’s act of selling Joseph into slavery saved him from committing a terrible sin.

So, what changed? How did Gad move from murderous hatred to a place of reflection and repentance? He tells his sons that his teshuvah (repentance) came about through suffering. God afflicted him with a liver ailment, mirroring the lack of mercy his liver – his inner being – had shown to Joseph. He suffered for eleven months, the same length of time as his enmity towards his brother. It was only through the prayers of his father, Jacob, that he found relief.

Gad's story becomes a lesson for his sons, and for us. He urges them to uproot hatred from their hearts and cultivate love for one another. He advises them not to envy those who are more fortunate and to trust in God’s ultimate judgment. Gad even instructs them to honor Judah and Levi, from whose descendants a savior will arise for Israel. He even foresaw a time when his own descendants would stray from God, succumbing to wickedness. It’s a sobering prophecy, highlighting the constant struggle between good and evil.

According to Ginzberg's retelling, Gad's final words are a call to obedience: "My children, hearken unto your father, and bury me with my fathers." After his death, his sons honored his request, carrying his remains to Hebron.

What can we take away from Gad's story? Perhaps it’s a reminder that even those who seem strong and righteous can struggle with powerful, negative emotions. Perhaps it’s a evidence of the transformative power of repentance and the importance of choosing love over hatred. Or perhaps it’s simply a cautionary tale about the destructive nature of grudges and the importance of forgiveness. Whatever your interpretation, Gad's journey from hatred to repentance offers a valuable lesson for us all.

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