Parshat Balak6 min read

Laban Pursued Jacob to Gilead and Came Back as Balaam

Laban chased Jacob to Gilead to wipe out his house, and the same hunter rose again as Balaam, the Devourer of Nations, mouth open over Israel.

Curated by Arthur · Told by Maggid ·
Table of Contents
  1. A Warning in the Dark Turns the Knife Aside
  2. The Moabites Watch Israel and Grow Afraid
  3. A Mouth Against a Mouth
  4. The Same Hunter Under a New Name
  5. What Was Devouring Could Not Devour

The dust on the road to Gilead had not yet settled when Laban reined in his horse and looked down at the tents below him. His daughters were in those tents. His grandchildren. His flocks, his idols, twenty years of his own scheming, all of it walking away from him in the body of one man. He flexed his fingers around the reins and felt how close the thing was. Close enough to take. He had not come all this way to embrace anyone.

He had welcomed Jacob as a kinsman once, fed him, given him both daughters, and then bound him to the herds for two decades, changing the wages every time the count went against him. Now Jacob was slipping out from under his hand with everything, and Laban's whole body leaned toward the knife. He meant to fall on the camp by night and leave nothing of that family standing under the morning sky.

A Warning in the Dark Turns the Knife Aside

He never reached the tents. In the night a word came to him, cold and absolute, and it pinned him where he lay. He was not to speak to Jacob, good or bad (Genesis 31:29). The hand that had been opening toward murder hung in the air and slowly closed on nothing. In the morning he made speeches instead, kissed the children, set up a heap of stones as a border, and rode home. The watchers thought the enmity died there, on a pile of rocks in the hill country.

It did not die. A hatred that deep does not get buried with the man who carried it. It waited. It looked for another mouth.

The Moabites Watch Israel and Grow Afraid

Generations on, the kings of Moab stood on their walls and watched a slave people come up out of the desert and break their neighbors. The wall-stones were still warm under their hands when the reports came in. Sihon, who had seemed unbreakable, broken. Whole armies folding before this dusty multitude that owned no kingdom and no walls.

The elders gathered and spoke low. This was not the work of swords alone. There was something behind it, something that did not show on the battlefield. "How are they doing it," they asked one another, and no general among them had the answer. So they sent word to Midian, because the people's leader had been raised among the Midianites and they would know his nature.

The reply came back short and strange, a single sentence that turned the whole war on its head. His strength abides in his mouth. The leader of Israel was no swordsman. His power lived in speech, in command, in the words he sent up and the words he brought down. To break Israel you would not need a larger army. You would need a larger mouth.

A Mouth Against a Mouth

So the Moabites did the only thing the news allowed. Against a mouth, they would set a mouth. They went looking for the most dangerous tongue in the world, a man whose word could pull blessing or ruin out of the air, and they found him in Pethor by the river. They called him Balaam.

He was at the height of everything when their messengers arrived. His name traveled ahead of him and men read it like a sentence of doom: Balaam, the Devourer of Nations, the one whose curse ate kingdoms. It had already done its work on Moab's enemies; his word had helped bring Moab to grief at the hands of Sihon, and now Moab wanted that same word aimed the other way, out over the camp of Israel like a blade held above a sleeping throat.

He came riding to do it. And anyone who had stood on the road to Gilead long ago would have known the set of that face, the patient appetite in it, the way the eyes measured a family below and counted what could be taken.

The Same Hunter Under a New Name

For the curse-master of Pethor was no stranger come fresh to the quarrel. He was the old hunter himself, the father-in-law from the mountains, returned under a new name to finish the hunt the warning in the dark had interrupted. The hand that once reached for Jacob's tents now reached for the tents of Jacob's children, spread across the wilderness below him as far as he could see.

He had never stopped coming. The same enmity that drove him up the road to Gilead had whispered to Pharaoh and put the order out that drowned the infants. It had armed Amalek and sent them to cut down the weak ones at the rear. Every time Israel rose, the same will to devour them rose with it, jumping from a father-in-law's knife to a king's decree to an ambusher's sword, and now to a prophet's curse. The names changed. The hunger did not.

Balaam climbed to the high place where he could see the whole encampment, opened his mouth, and prepared to speak the word that would swallow them. The same mouth. The same prey. The watchers below tended their fires and did not know that the oldest enemy of their house stood above them on the ridge, gathering his breath to call down the end.

What Was Devouring Could Not Devour

What broke on that ridge belongs to the rest of the tale, when the curse-master opened his mouth and found he could not own his own tongue. The Devourer of Nations stood over the nation he had hunted across lifetimes and felt the word turn in his throat. The mouth that Moab had hired to swallow Israel would be made to bless it instead, and the hunter who had chased one family to Gilead would learn, on a windy hilltop above their grandchildren, that the warning in the dark had never really let him go.


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The texts this telling draws on, in full. Open a card to read inline, or expand it for a wider, quieter read.

Legends of the Jews 6:2Legends of the Jews

Jewish tradition certainly hints at that possibility!

Take Balaam, for example. You know, the one hired to curse the Israelites? The Moabites and Midianites thought he was Moses' equal, a powerhouse of spiritual force. But according to the Legends of the Jews, as retold by Ginzberg, this Balaam was none other than Laban himself! Yes, that Laban – the tricky father-in-law of Jacob, who tried to wipe out Jacob and his entire family way back when. And not only that, he also stirred up Pharaoh and Amalek against the Israelites, hoping to destroy them.

It’s a pretty wild idea, isn’t it? That this ancient enemy keeps reappearing to threaten the Jewish people.

His very name, Balaam, is telling. It’s interpreted as "Devourer of Nations," because, well, he was really determined to devour the nation of Israel. And at this particular moment in the story, Balaam was at the PEAK of his influence. His curse had brought the Moabites defeat at the hands of Sihon, and his prophecy that Balak, his countryman, would become king had just come true. So, naturally, all the kings were sending ambassadors to him, seeking his wise… or not-so-wise… counsel.

But how did he get so powerful? Well, he started as an interpreter of dreams. Think Joseph in Egypt, but…darker. He gradually became a sorcerer, a master of the occult. And then, he achieved the even greater status of prophet. In fact, he even surpassed his own father, who was also a prophet, but not quite as famous (or infamous) as his son. The Zohar, that foundational text of Jewish mysticism, speaks often of the dark side mirroring the light. And here, we see that very clearly.

So, what does this all mean? Is it just a colorful story, a way to connect different threats to the Jewish people under one ultimate villain? Or is there something deeper here? A suggestion that evil, like good, can take many forms, but its essence remains the same? Perhaps it’s a reminder that the battles we face are not always new, but echoes of ancient struggles, requiring us to be ever vigilant. Whatever the interpretation, the story of Balaam, the "Devourer of Nations," gives us plenty to think about.

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Legends of the Jews 5:122Legends of the Jews

Our story begins with the Moabites, watching with growing unease as Israel triumphs over their enemies. But they knew it wasn't just military might at play. It was. something else. Something more.

"How are they doing this?" they must have wondered. According to Legends of the Jews, the Moabites believed Israel's victories were achieved through supernatural means. And they were determined to understand the source of this power.

Their logic? Moses, the leader of Israel, had been raised in Midian. "Let us therefore inquire of the Midianites about his characteristics," they said. A reasonable plan. The elders of Midian, when consulted, delivered a cryptic but crucial piece of information: "His strength abides in his mouth." In other words, Moses' power lay in his ability to speak, to command, perhaps even to invoke divine favor through prayer and pronouncements.

The Moabites, now armed with this knowledge, devised a cunning counter-strategy. "Then," they reasoned, "we shall oppose to him a man whose strength lies in his mouth as well." Their solution? To enlist the services of Balaam, a prophet known for the power of his words, for his blessings and curses.

This is where things get really interesting, and a little… strange. The union of Moab and Midian, two nations historically at odds, highlights the desperation of their situation. Legends of the Jews uses a striking proverb to illustrate this unlikely alliance: "Weasel and Cat had a feast of rejoicing over the flesh of the unfortunate Dog." for a second. The weasel and the cat, natural enemies, setting aside their differences to feast on a common foe. There had always been irreconcilable enmity between Moab and Midian, yet they united to bring ruin upon Israel, just as the weasel and cat united to put an end to their common enemy, the dog.

It’s a stark reminder that fear and perceived threats can drive even the most bitter rivals into each other's arms. What does that say about the choices we make when we feel threatened? What unlikely alliances might we be willing to forge, and at what cost? It's a question that echoes through the ages, and one that perhaps, we should all be asking ourselves today.

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Targum Jonathan on Numbers 22Targum Jonathan

The Targum's version of (Numbers 22) drops a bombshell in its opening verses that the Torah never states directly. Balak sent messengers not just to some foreign sorcerer, but to "Laban the Aramean, who was Bileam." The Targum identifies Bileam as the patriarch Jacob's old enemy Laban, reimagined across generations. His very name is decoded: "Bileam" because biluva means "to swallow up" and amma means "the people", he was the one who sought to devour Israel. His father Beor is described as "insane from the vastness of his knowledge," and his home at Pethor meant "interpreter of dreams."

Balak himself was not even Moabite. The Targum reveals he was a Midianite ruling Moab by a power-sharing arrangement: "so was the tradition among them, to have kings from this people and from that, by turns." This single detail reframes the entire Balak-Bileam conspiracy as a Midianite operation.

The elders who approached Bileam carried "the price of divinations sealed up in their hands", payment wrapped and ready. When God told Bileam not to go, Bileam told the princes it was "not pleasing before the Lord to permit me to journey with you." He framed divine prohibition as mere inconvenience.

The talking donkey episode contains the Targum's most famous addition. Ten things were created at twilight on the eve of the first Sabbath, after creation was already complete: the manna, the well, Moses's rod, the shamir diamond, the rainbow, the Cloud of Glory, the mouth of the earth that would swallow Korah, the writing on the tablets of the covenant, the demons, and the speaking donkey. The donkey's speech itself was devastating. She told Bileam: "If you cannot even curse me, an unclean beast who will die and never enter the world to come, how can you possibly harm the children of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, for whose sake the entire world was created?"

Bileam's two servants are named: Jannes and Jambres, the same sorcerers tradition identifies as Pharaoh's magicians in Egypt. The narrow path where the angel stood was the very spot where Jacob and Laban had once built their boundary pillar, a covenant that neither would cross to harm the other. Bileam was literally violating his own ancestor's treaty.

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Legends of the Jews 6:34Legends of the Jews

The next morning, after their initial failed attempts to curse the Israelites, Balak, the king of Moab, took Balaam to the high places of Baal. Balak fancied himself quite the magician too – even more so than Balaam! Why there? Well, Balak, through his own magical knowledge, believed that Israel was destined to suffer a great misfortune at Baal-peor. He hoped Balaam's curse would trigger this disaster.

Their relationship was…peculiar. The Midrash (rabbinic interpretive commentary) describes them as two halves of a dangerous whole. One man holds a knife but doesn't know where to strike. The other knows the vulnerable spot but lacks the weapon. Balak knew the place of Israel's potential downfall, but he didn't know how to bring it about. Balaam, on the other hand, knew the art of conjuring evil, but he needed Balak to guide him to the right location.

So what made Balaam so special? What gave him the edge over other magicians? The answer, according to tradition, was his uncanny ability to pinpoint the exact moment when God is wrathful. His curses were effective because he knew precisely when to unleash them – at the very instant of divine anger.

The Talmud (Avodah Zarah 4b) tells us that God is angry for a fleeting moment each day, specifically during the third hour, when kings remove their crowns to worship the sun. But this moment is infinitesimally brief. How brief? Consider this: Eighty-five thousand and eighty-eight such moments make up just one hour! Only Balaam, it was said, could accurately identify that moment.

Tradition states this moment has outward signs. According to Ginzberg's retelling in Legends of the Jews, when it lasts, the comb of a rooster turns completely white, without a single speck of red. Spooky. But here’s where the story takes a beautiful turn. God’s love for Israel is so immense that during the entire time Balaam was preparing his curses, He simply…didn’t get angry. Balaam waited and waited, but the moment of wrath never came. So, Balaam's curse was ineffective, as God's love shielded the Israelites.

What does this all mean? Perhaps it shows us the power of divine protection. Or maybe it highlights the futility of evil when confronted with unwavering love. It certainly reminds us that even the most skilled evildoer can be thwarted by a force greater than themselves. It's a story of magic, curses, and ultimately, the enduring power of love.

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